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252 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empathy
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Most important factor
Shows clarity of understanding Helps client expand own self-understanding |
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Respect
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Trust is built on this, and it must be genuine, regardless
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Concreteness
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concrete reflections/interpretations
giving value to clients communication |
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3 Core Dimensions
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-Authenticity/genuineness
-Positive regard/acceptance -Accurate empathic understanding |
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Gazda's Global Rating Scale for Rating Helper Responses
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-Level 1 Response:Giving no help to client
-Level 2 Response: Strictly superficial -Level 3 Response: facilitating growth, but only minimal -Level 4 Response: counselor going beyond reflection to underlying feelings/meanings |
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Ivey and Authier's Microcounseling Skills Approach
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-6 Microcounseling Skills
-Fundamental attending/self-expressing -Dimensions providing foundation for attending (immediacy, respect, genuineness, etc) -Microtraining skills -Attending skills -Influencing skills -Focus dimensions that pinpoint target content (client, topic, counselor, communication |
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14 Responses
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-Attending
-Reflecting -Paraphrasing -Leading -Summarizing -Clarification -Support -Confrontation -Approval -Interpreting -Instructing -Information -Homework -Contracting |
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Genuineness & Self disclosure
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Complementarity
Calls for authentic response from client because it is authentic |
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Confrontation
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Discrepancies in their behavior should be confronted so that they can confront themselves and others appropriately
-Should focus on verbal and non-verbal -questions discrepant communication and behavior |
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Immediacy
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Concentration on immediate experience with client
-Bringing them to how they are here and now. |
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Focus of Psychoanalytic counseling
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-Clients history, early childhood
-Inter-relation of parts of clients personality -Counselor client relationship -Bring unconscious to conscious -work through repressed thoughts -Intellectual awareness -restructure basic personality |
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Role of Psychoanalytic counselor
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-Anonymous expert
-Distant -Interpretations as to how current behavior relates to the past -Encourages client to have projections about counselor -assets reducing resistance that develops working with transference |
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Catharsis/Abreaction
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Purging of emotions and feelings, but giving them expression
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Parapraxis
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when an action is not fully carried out correctly
-ie. Freudian slips or mislaying objects |
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Displacement
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Displacing emotion onto person/object other than the one that originally aroused emotion
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Rationalization
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Justifying behavior to oneself/others, with fake but well thought out reasons for behaviors (habit and intensity, not just lying)
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Ego Defense Mechanisms-Compensation
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Overcoming anxiety due to feelings of inferiority by concentrating on areas one excels at
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Projection
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Attributing to another person those feelings/ideas one is unable to accept in self
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Reaction Formation
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Openly displaying and exaggerating a trait opposite of the tendency we do not like in self
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Denial
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Failing/refusing to recognize and deal with reality
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Ego Defense Mechanisms-Repression
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Unconscious process blocking urges/desires/or trauma from the conscious. (suppression is conscious)
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Ego Defense Mechanisms-Identification
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The attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority by taking on characteristics of someone important to self
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Ego Defense Mechanisms-Substitution
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feelings of frustration/anxiety masked by achieving alternate goals or finding alternative gratification
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Fantasy
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Retreating into ones mind, where there is a more comfortable/ideal setting. Somewhat addictive
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Regression
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Reverting to a pattern of feeling/thinking/behaving from an earlier stage of development
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Sublimation
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Redirection of unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable channels
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Interjection
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taking int ones self the standards/values of someone else
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Ego Defense Mechanisms- Undoing
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After a person acts in such an inappropriate way as to produce anxiety, they may act in the opposite way to reverse/negate the original behavior
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Ego Defense Mechanisms-Emotional Insulation
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Protection of oneself from hurt by withdrawing to passivity
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Ego Defense Mechanisms-Isolation
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Separating the emotion from an experience, to deal with it dispassionately if it is overwhelming
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Goals of Adlerian Treatment
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-Client developing good self-esteem and lifestyle through reeducation/restructuring
-Challenging clients perceptions of self/belief's/goals -cultivation of healthy social interests -Encouraging meaningful goals |
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Adlerian counselor role
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Client and counselor work together, cooperative
-Joint responsibility in therapy -Diagnoses, teaches, models |
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Adlerian
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Development: struggling to feel superior and reach goals relating to social, occupational, sexual, spiritual, and self-relationship
Disorders: Discouragement, faulty perceptions, feeling inferior |
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Adlerian terms
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-belonging/social connectedness
-strive for perfection/superiority -mistaken goals -self-defeating behaviors -family constellation (including birth order) -over-compensation, |
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Adlerian Techniques- Asking the question
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-How would life be different if this problem were solved
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Adlerian Techniques- "Spitting in the client's soup"
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stating the real purpose of behavior
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Adlerian Techniques- Task Setting
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setting short term goals to progress to long term goals
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Adlerian Techniques- Acting as if
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behaving as if the problem is solved or goal acheived
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Adlerian Techniques- Catching self
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learning to recognize self-destructive behavior and stop it.
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Adlerian Techniques- Paradox
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Acting in an exaggerated way regarding a feared behavior/event
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Jung (differed from Freud)
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-Called Analytical Psychology
-unconscious could be developed and tapped -differences between men's and woman's processing -Anima/Animus- Fem/mas characteristics in people -collective unconscious (archetypes) -Men=logic/logos -Woman=eros/intuition -Mandalas -Introversion/extroversion- Polarieites |
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-Introversion/extroversion- Polarieites
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-Introversion:turning in, towards self, as main source of pleasure
-Extroversion: seeks pleasure from others |
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Jung personality types
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-Thinking
-Feeling -Sensing -Intuitive The bipolar types of Myers-Briggs from Jung |
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Erich Fromm
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-Humans influenced by culture, but shape self too
-All experience isolation -Relief comes from learning to love or finding security by conforming -5 Basic needs -Character Types |
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5 Basic needs (Fromm)
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-Relatedness
-Transcendence -Rootedness (to world, nature, others) -Identity -Fame of orientation (making sense of the world) |
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Character Types (Fromm)
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-Receptive
-Exploitive -Hording -Marketing -Productive |
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Otto Rank
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-Humans goal is to return to the security experienced in the womb
-struggle for individuality -separation anxiety -Character types: Average, Neurotic, Creative |
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Erik Erikson (differing form Freud)
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-psychosexual and psychosocial growth occur together
-ego identity: what one feels one is and others take them to be -Development through whole life |
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Eriksons stage names, psycho-social crisis
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Birth - 1
1-2 3-5 6-11 12-20 20-35 35-65 65+ |
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Harry Stack Sullivan (Differed from Freud)
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-Personality through relationships
-Personality is malleable -Emphasizing on power motive to overcome helplessness -Self-system: formed in reaction to anxiety in relationships -Ego formation: modes of experience -4 stages of interview (learning about relationships in society) |
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Ego formation: modes of experience
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1) Protaxic: Infancy, no concept or time and place
2)Parataxic: early childhood, accepting without question or evaluation, reacting on unrealistic bases 3) Syntaxic: Later childhood, evaluation of own thoughts and feelings, even against those of others. Learns about relationship patterns |
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4 stages of interview
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-Inception
-Reconnaissance -Detailed inquiry -Termination |
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Karen Horney (differed from Freud)
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-Inborn potential for self-realization
-Character through early experiences and security needs -Basic anxiety: childs feelings of isolation/helplessness. Anything disturbing security yields this -10 Neurotic needs -3 Character types |
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10 Neurotic needs
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-affection approval
-dominate partner -restricting one's life -power -exploitation of others -prestige -independence -personal achievement -personal admiration -protection |
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3 Character types
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-Compliant
-Aggressive -Detached |
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3 Major Existential Figures
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Abraham Maslow
Rollo May Victor Frankl |
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Other name for Existential/Humanistic
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Third Force Psychology: balking the two theories of the day- Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism
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Other early names in Existential/Humanistic
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Kierkegaard
Heidegger Sartre |
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Goals of Existential/Humanistic
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-Guide clients to greater self- awareness through exploration of possibilities & identifying factors blocking awareness
-Increase view of self and freedom of choice -Validate importance of responsibility freedom, awareness, and potential |
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Role of counselor - Existential/Humanistic
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-Commitment to deep, personal, relationship w/ client
-accurate understanding of clients being-in-the-world -Models authenticity -Values personal decision making |
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Existential/Humanistic - psychopathology
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Results from making negligent choices or not emphasizing/reaching for higher potential
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Existential/Humanistic - Guilt
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Not acting responsibly
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Existential/Humanistic - anxiety
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Inconsistent relationship between ones perception of meaning/purpose in life and awareness of reality of death
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Existential-Humanistic Concepts
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-perception is more valid when subjective preconceptions are bracketed out
- living toward death, as a catalyst to a full life -authenticity in being aware of death -ones existence and the world's existence are never completely separate. |
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Being-in-the-world
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unique way person experiences self and world and directs life. It is accepted as real, meaningful, and legitimate
-3 parts |
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3 parts of Being-In-World
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Umwelt: behaviors grounded in the physical- human biology and aiming at biological survival and satisfaction
Mitwelt: Interpersonal relationships- sharing preventing feelings of loneliness to enrich life Eigenwelt: Behaviors of self-awareness, self-evaluation, and self-identity, which attempt to make life meaningful |
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Phenomenology
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The study of perceptual experience, purely subjective
The basis of psychology should study immediate experience Objective reality not denied, but focus on perception of events |
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Ontology
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Seeks to explain the nature of being/reality or ultimate substance (opposed to phenomenology)
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Maslow
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Mans highest need as self-actualization- the need to realize ones innate capacities and talents
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May
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Credited with developing existential psychotherapy in the US
-Emphasized personals individuality -separation from preconceived diagnostic categories while understanding patient |
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Frankl
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Founded Logotherapy (meaning centered psychotherapy)
-3 ways to discover meaning |
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Frankl- 3 ways to discover meaning
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-Doing a deed (accomplishment, achievement)
-Experiencing value (love, beauty, art) -Suffering (reconciling oneself to fate) |
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Frankl - Paradoxical intention
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deliberately attempting to bring about a feared event and recognizing the unrealistic nature when feared consequence doesn't happen.
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Frankl - Dereflection
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the process of changing the center of attention from oneself to external focus
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Frankl - Existential Frustration
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Discomfort/frustration coming from inability to find meaning in ones life
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Frankl - Existential Vacuum
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Feelings of ultimate and total meaninglessness in life, inner emptiness
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Frankl - Noology
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Term for study of that which is uniquely human, encompasses psychology, and encompassed by Theology
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Frankl - Noogenic neurosis
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frustration of the will to meaning, state/condition of the will being perpetually frustrated in its attempt to find meaning in the world
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Techniques specific to Humanistic/Existential
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-authentic, mutually personal relationship
-Confrontation used to spur clients to self-responsibility -techniques that help self-awareness -action is preceded by self-awareness |
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Other Existential names
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Yalom, Binswanger, Boss, Jaspers, Buber(I-thou)
Both fit as well, due to emphasis on present and choice: Rogers (person centered) Perls (gestalt) |
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Person Centered theorists
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Carl Rogers
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Other names for Person Centered
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Rogerian
Nondirective client centered self theory |
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Goals of Person Centered
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-Understanding purpose of increasing self-awareness
-increasing trust in ones own actualizing process -learning about making other relationships through relationship with the counselor -finding roadblocks to growth and parts of self previously denied/distorted |
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Role of Person Centered Counselor
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-Providing person-centered atmosphere
-Sensitivity- walking in her shoes -Transparency -3 core conditions -emphasis on reflection or emotional content -not the "expert" - so no diagnosing, etc. |
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Rogers 3 Core Conditions
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-Congruence (genuineness): most important.
-Unconditional Positive Regard -Accurate empathy: Understanding the thoughts and feelings of the client |
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Pathology in Person Centered
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When self-actualization is hampered
-The lack of self-knowledge can cause inability to resolve conflicts |
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Key Person Centered Concepts
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-Humans strove to reach full potential
-Congruence: between ideal self and real self -increasing awareness, spontaneity, aliveness, openness, self-direction, self-trust -Humans can solve own problems -phenomenological focus, present experience, how its presented and expressed |
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Person Centered Techniques
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-Reflection
-Active Listening -Confrontation -Open-ended questions -Summarization -Clarification -Support -Reassurance -NOT advise giving |
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Gestalt Therapy
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-Fritz Perls
-personal choice and responsibility emphasized. -the unified whole, different from the sum of parts |
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3 most common Gestalt principles
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-Insight: discovered by Wolfgang Kohler
-Learning:Zeigernik, unfinished tasks more readily recalled than finished ones -Phi-Phenomenon: Wertheimer, the illusion of movement can be achieved by two or more stimuli which are not moving. (neon signs) |
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Gestalt Therapy Goals
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-Emphasis on client living fuller life/becoming fully integrated
-Awareness is curative, "here and now" is to be experienced, completing unfinished business -Teaching self-supporting, taking responsibility for feelings/thoughts/actions -Insight |
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Gestalt Therapy Counselor Role
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Help client explore their needs to discern life patterns
-Focus on using energy to adapt positively -growth |
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Gestalt Techniques
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-Confrontation
-The "Empty Chair" -Reliving -Exaggeration -Role Playing/psychodrama -Stay with feelings -Rehearsal exercise -Dream work -"I statements" -"How" and "what" questions (not why) -Interpretation by client -Frustration is therapeutic -No formal diagnosis |
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Gestalt Techniques - Reliving
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experiencing unfinished business in the present with its resentment and guilt
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Gestalt Techniques - Confrontation
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Calling attention to discrepancies and incongruencies
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Gestalt Concepts
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-Awareness: focus on the present moment
-Holism: how the parts of a person fit together -Avoidance/unfinished business -Process of figure formationL how an aspect of the environment takes a focal role -Placement, blocking, and usage of energy -Contact with the environment w/o losing one's sense of individuality |
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Gestalt Ego defense mechanisms/Channels of resistance
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Prevent effective contact
-Introjection: accepting others belief's w/o analyzing and restructuring them to make congruent with self -Projection:Disowning, putting on other personality on self, even if inconsistent -Retroflection: Doing for self when you would do for others or wish they would do for you -Confluence: blurring the line between self and environment -Deflection: Using humor, generalization, and questions rather than statements |
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Organismic theorist
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one who views developmental changes as qualitative (not empiricist: quantitative)
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Transactional Analysis
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-Eric Berne
-Thomas A. Harris -Goals: assist client in becoming "script-free" "game-free" and autonomous. Free to make decisions on who they want to be and what they want to do |
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Role of a Transactional Analysis Counselor
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-Equal partner in the relationship
-teacher, trainer, resource person -client contracts for specific changes that are desired, when the result is there, contract is terminated |
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Transactional Analysis- Normal development
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-I'm not OK- You're OK
-I'm not OK- You're not OK -I'm OK- You're not OK -I'm OK- You're OK First three based on feelings, fourth on rational |
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Transactional Analysis- Behavioral Disorders
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-staying in one of the first three life positions
-Misdirection early decisions can cause later problems |
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Transactional Analysis Concepts
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-One can shape own destiny
-What was decided can be re-decided -focus on games played to avoid intimacy -Three ego states |
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Transactional Analysis Concepts- 3 Ego States
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-Parent: admonitions, values, attitudes, superego like
-Nurturing parent, critical parent, prejudicial parent, incomplete parent -adult: objective, logical, nonemotional, thinking, rational, balance of parent and child -Child: source of childlike behaviors: adapted child (controlled, cries, rebels), natural child (unrestrained, spontaneous, self-loving, expressive), little professor (intuitive wisdom) |
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Transactional Analysis Terms
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-Games:predictable patterns of behavior ending with surprise bad feelings in at least one player
-Rackets:habitual feeling clung to after game -Collecting trading stamps: behaving to ensure rackets -Life Scripts:life plan born out of early decisions about self and others -Parental injunctions:messages (verbal/nonverbal), usually negative, lets a child know what to do to gain recognition -early decisions: reached by age 5, aimed at survival, recognition, and attention. games formed to support these -stroking:any recognition (positive or negative) |
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Transactional Analysis Techniques
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-Combines well with Gestalt
-Confrontation to point out inconsistencies -Questioning is integral -Explanation and illustration teach adult ego state -Interpretation for child ego state -Contracts |
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TA techniques: Contracts
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1) Structural Analysis of the personality:examination of the content and function of the three ego states
2)Transactional analysis: 3 types of transactions studied -Complementary: specific ego state sends message, and specific state responds -Crossed: sent message received unexpected response -Ulterior:overt message differs from covert 3)Game Analysis: -First degree: played in social situations, causes mild upsets -Second degree: Played in more intimate circles, serious hurt feelings -Third degree:usually end in jail/hospital/morgue 4)Script Analysis: Questionnaire showing different script types. |
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Contributions
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-Eric Berne: Games people Play and What Do You Say After you Say Hello
-Harris: I'm OK- You're OK Claude Steiner: 3 unhealthy scripts: No love, No mind, No joy |
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Behavioral Therapy- Major figures Classical
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Ivan Pavlov
Joseph Wolpe Masters&Johnson Slater Selye |
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Behavioral Therapy- Major figures Operant
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B.F. Skinner
David Premack Miller Jacobson |
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Behavioral Therapy- Major figures Vicarious/social learning
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Albert Bandura
Walters Julian Rotter John Dollard & Neal Miller George Kelly |
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Behavioral Therapy- Goals
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-Most try to eliminate inappropriate of maladaptive behaviors and teach effective ones
-Focus on treatment goals that are set together -Baseline measurement is required, for objective measurement |
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Behavioral Therapy- Role of counselor
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-Teacher, trainer, modeler
-relationship, evaluation of behaviors, and teaching new behaviors |
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Normal development- Classical
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asserts that human responses are elicited from pairing of stimuli
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Normal Development- Operant
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new responses are based on the reinforcement given
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Normal Development Social learning
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-As a type of sensory conditioning, asserts new responses come from observing behaviors in others
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Behavioral Therapy disorders
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results form faulty learning/conditioning
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Behavioral Therapy- classical conditioning concepts
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-Acquisition
-Conditioned Response -Conditioned Stimulus -Counter-Conditioning -Stimulus discrimination/differentiation -Experimental neurosis -Extinction -Higher order conditioning -Stimulus Generalization -Spontaneous Recovery -Unconditioned Response -Unconditioned Stimulus |
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Joseph Wolpe's conributions
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-Systematic desensitization: useful for phobias, neurotic anxiety's, generalized fears, sexual dysfunctions, and interpersonal anxiety
-uses relaxation. -Reciprocal inhibition: two opposite responses cannot exist simultaneously -Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS): rating help develop threat hierarchy -Start with stimuli causing least anxiety |
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Steps to Systematic Desensitization
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1)Relaxation Training
2)Construction of the anxiety hierarchy 3)Desensitization in imagination 4)In vivo desensitization: started after at least 75% of hierarchy has been worked on |
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Masters & Johnson
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Sensate focus: form of behavioral sex therapy, relying on conditioning. Couples engage in lower anxiety activities, gradually progressing to that end.
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
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Francine Shapiro
-exposure therapy with eye movement -Good with PTSD |
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Andrew Salter
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Reflex Therapy
-Inhibition (blocking or clogging of emotions) is the cause of psychological problems -Assertiveness training was pulled from this -Behavioral rehearsal: role playing based on situations needing assertiveness |
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Hans Selye
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Stress: as apart of life, how one copes leads to ease or disease
-General Adaption Syndrome (GAS): -Alarm Reaction: body produces physiological response to a stressor -Stage of Resistance: Body mobilizes to overcome or escape stress -Exhaustion: Failure to result stress, leads to psychological/physical exhaustion |
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Important Classical Conditioning Terms
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-Exposure Therapy
-Flooding -Implosive Theory: Forming vivid images of specific situations causing fear -Aversive Therapy:punishment -Relaxation Therapy -Assertiveness Training |
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Operant Conditioning/Instrumental learning
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Produced by Skinner, with research on rats
-Behavior modification -Behaviors increase or decrease due to reward application or withdrawal- Reinforcement |
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Reinforcements
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Positive
Negative Primary Secondary Partial/intermittent Punishment |
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4 schedules of reinforcement
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-Fixed interval schedule
-Variable interval schedule -Fixed ration schedule -Variable ratio schedule |
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Other Operant Conditioning Terms
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-Successive Approximation
-Token Economy -Contigency Contracting: consequence of target behavior are decided in advance and written in a contract -Time out -Groups created to facilitate behavior practice: reinforcement for participants behavior |
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David Premack
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The Premack principle proposes that high probability behavior can be used to positively reinforce low provability behavior (do your chores so you can play)
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Neal Miller
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-Pioneer researcher in biofeedback and learning theory
-Biofeedback is a device providing biological information. devices can be anything from technological devises to a mirror -Helped Menninger clinic discovering hand temp raising can help with migraine's - EMG, EEG, EKG, GSR |
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Edmund Jacobson
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The Jacobson Relaxation Method: involves tensing and relaxing groups of muscles, systematic muscle relaxation.
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Social learning/Vicarious Conditioning
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Social learning theory bridges operant behaviorism and humanistic theory by acknowledging environmental influence and the nature of people.
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Albert Bandura & Richard Walters
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-Socio-behavioristic approach
-Emphasized Modeling (BoBo Doll) -Observational learning -In vivo exposure -Modeling enhanced by the nature of the model, the observer, and presentation |
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4 processes in observational learning
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-Attentional process
-Retention process -Motor reproduction -Incentive and motivational processes |
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-A Model
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Should be similar to observer (age, sex, race, etc.)
-Appearing competent, with appropriate prestige, warmth, care. |
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An Observer
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-must be able to process observations and retain
-some level of anxiety about the behavior modeled |
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The Presentation
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can be many forms (live, symbolic, multiple, covert, a coping model, a learning model)
Summarizing by observer may be required |
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Julian Rotter
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Expectancy- Reinforcement Theory
-Development of a system of constructs to provide maximum prediction and control of behavior(3) -Behavior problems a result of a behavior being avoided because of either punishment associate with it or satisfaction through inappropriate means -Maladaptive people/behaviors may be more gratifying than those of a mentally healthy person -lowering of gratification expected for maladjustment |
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Behavior Potential
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Potential for specific behavior to occur in a given situation
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Expectancy
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Expectancy by a person that certain reinforcements will follow certain behaviors
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Reinforcement Value
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Degree of preference for any one of several possible reinforcements when all equal
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Rotter's techniques included
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-Reinforcement
-Observational models -Discussing observed behaviors -dealing with prior negative reinforcements -introducing alternative behaviors |
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John Dollard & Neal Miller
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Reinforcement theory
-An intigration of psychoanalytic principles, Hullian behaviorism (Clark Hull's mathematically-oriented theory- drive), and social learning -Learning entails 4 elements |
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4 elements in learning (Dollard/Miller)
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-Drive (motivation): internal/external/innate/learned
-Cue (discriminative stimulus; what person notices): sets response in progress, when, where, which -Response (resulting behavior): the dominant response, due to prior learning, will probably happen Reinforcement (reward for the behavior): |
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4 types of conflict situations
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-Approach-Approach:Choosing between two desirable goals
-Approach-Avoidance: for the same goal (do and don't want) -Avoidance-avoidance:Two undesirable goals -Double Approach- avoidance: both approach and avoidance of two different goals simultaneously (pro's and con's of two decisions) |
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Reinforcement theory 6 Conflict behavior assumptions
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1) The inclination to approach a goal strengthens the closer a person gets to it
2) Inclination to avoid a feared goal(stimulus) strengthens the closer the goal gets 3) The strength of avoidance increases more quickly than strength of approach 4) Increase in drive increases either/both approach and avoidance 5) Response strength is influenced by history of reinforcement 6)Two simultaneous conflicting responses will result in either the stronger response occurring or a stalemate (causing neurosis) |
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Neurosis according to Dollard/Miller
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develops with there is a conflict from two+ strong drives, resulting in incompatible responses
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Therapy
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-viewed as learning area to extinguish neurotic responses and add better responses
-Removing repression -free association, attention and acceptance from therapist -reframing, rehearsing responses |
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George Kelly
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System of Personal constructs: a persons concepts/constructs are created by the individual, attempting to understand individual environment
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Constructive Alternativism
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important determinant of ones decisions and behavior
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Fixed Role Therapy
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Kelly's psychology of personal constructs. Involves giving a client an outline sketch/fixed role. CLient reads role 3x per day and act/think/talk like role
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Behavior Therapy Techniques
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-the what, how, when, instead of why (which is more cognitive)
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Behavior therapy
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Pavlovian
classical respondent |
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Behavior Modification
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Skinnerian
Opperant Instrumental |
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Little Albert
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Watson & Rayner
important because shows phobia's are learned |
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Mary Cover ones
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removed fear from a child, showing phobia can be unlearned
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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-There is a level of arousal/stress connected with optimal performance of an action/task (not too little, not too much)
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In Vivo
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Treatment of an overt behavior (one seen or observed)
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
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Cog. Behavioral style of Albert Ellis
-feelings and actions determined by their cognition's/ thinking |
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Goals of REBT
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-Directive and leading (toward healthier perspective)
-rethinking life events and philosophies, changing unrealistic/illogical thought -Correcting distortions of thought -Application of scientific method to thought process/behavior -"automatic" thoughts must be recognized and changed |
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REBT Counselor Role
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-Teacher status
-directive -Authoritarian -ABC model -Understanding where client is coming from, but not agreeing with irrational perceptions -injecting of personal values into therapy |
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Behavioral Disorders
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-result from irrational/faulty thinking/behaving
-Blame making -Stop blaming and start accepting self, even with imperfections |
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A-B-C Model (REBT)
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It is not the event, rather our interpretation of it, that causes out emotional reaction
-DEF to fix it |
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A
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Activating experience
-Something happens |
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B
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Belief about (interpretation) of the experience
"If____ than I must be___" "The world is ending" "They are (I am ) a terrible person" |
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C
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Consequences- upsetting emotional
-depression/anger/etc |
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D
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Disputing irrational ideas
-What other evidence do we have against this? |
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E
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new Emotional consequence/Effect
-sadness or annoyance (this event was frustrating, but I can survive, it will get better, next time it will be different) |
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F
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New Feeling
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Other REBT concepts
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-People self-talk, internal dialogues that reflect basic belief systems
-Changing thinking though questioning, deciding, doing, and re-deciding. -people make mistakes, and learn to accept |
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Mode 1 of REBT
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Cognitive:
-Confrontation -Analyzing interpretations/forming new ones -Socratic dialogue -Debating irrational beliefs -Gathering data validating assumptions -Cognitive Restructuring: rewording self-talk -Humor to point out silly ideas -Homework assignments: taking risks, reading books, etc |
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Mode 2 of REBT
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Emotive
-Dramatizes truths and falsehoods so that client clearly distinguishes between the two. (Role-playing, modeling, imagery, shame attacking, forceful responses, exhortation, unconditional acceptance) |
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Mode 3 of REBT
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Behavior
-Help client change dysfunctional symptoms -develop better habits of performing -Regular behavior therapy stuff -Failing on purpose at something -keeping a diary -changing thoughts/language -Practice new coping skills |
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Epictetus
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A stoic philosopher
-"men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them" |
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Other credited by Ellis
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-Alfred Korzybski
-Karen Horney -Adler |
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Didactic
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Teaching
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Maxie C Maultsby jr.
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Formulated Rational-Behavior Therapy (similar to REBT)
-this stresses self analysis -self help model -didactic -directive -uses bibliotherapy |
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Cognitive Therapy
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Aaron Beck
Donald Meichenbaum -negative thoughts based on underlying dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs -Similar to Ellis, but found separately -Based on Becks work with depression (Beck Depression Inventory) |
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Goals of Cognitive Therapy
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Distorted rules and formulas for living caused unhappiness, so new ones must be experimented with
-Modification of the cognitive set psychological modifications produce biochemical changes, influencing cognition further -Cognitive distortions must be identified and discarded |
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Cognitive Therapy Counselor role
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Rogers core therapeutic conditions: genuine warmth, accurate empathy, non-judgmental acceptance, rapport building
-Being active, creative, able to engage client -collaborative process,partnership with client |
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Behavioral Disorder
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dysfunctional views of connections between self and environment, influencing thinking and processing
-Idea that are too broad or too absolute can be problematic. |
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Cognitive Concepts
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-People develop "common sense" by storing info and formulas dealing with problems
-common sense + survival instincts = basis for behavior -people live by "rules" and "formulas for living" -negativity causes more negativity -Changing the way a person conceptualizes is very important -Metacognition: thinking about own cognition's |
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Cognitive distortions
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Systematic errors in reasoning- result in misconceptions and faulty assumptions
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Distortions according to Beck
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-Magnification and minimization: judging something as greater or less than it is
-Selective abstraction: making assumptions based on one detail rather than a while -Arbitrary Inferences: assumptions with no evidence to support it -Labeling/mislabeling: basing identity on past mistakes/imperfections -Polarized thinking: going either-or extremes/all or nothing -Personalization: relating unrelated external event to oneself -Over-generalization: adopting an extreme belief based on single incident -Incorrect assessment of danger or safety: phobias or underestimating danger |
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Techniques
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-Clients are taught to make self-assessments/observations for cognitive distortions
-Then they can evaluate these automatic thoughts by weighing them against reality (techniques like socratic dialogue work here) |
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Other specific techniques
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-gathering data
-keeping a diary of daily activities -formulating new, alternative assumptions -Homework -bibliotherapy |
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Donald Meighenbaum
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Sequences of inner speech within everyone influence behavior
-Created Cogitative Behavior modification (self instructional therapy) Stage 1-client educated to observe own behavior Stage2- Client taught to change self talk to rehearsing new wording Stage 3- New self-talk used to real-life situation -Stress-inoculation training:motivates to change, attacks issues of resistance |
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Reality Therapy
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William Glasser
-Clients are not ill, but weak, and can be strengthened -Not interested in a clients whole past -Rejected that insight into unconscious was necessary -Created through work with troubled adolescents -Choice Theory -Ones identity from interactions of self, others, and environment |
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Goals of Reality Therapy
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Counselor teaches client:
-to make appropriate choices -To develop a sense of responsibility -to be able to interact constructively w/ others -To understand and accept the reality of their existence |
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Counselor Role in Reality Therapy
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-Becoming friend to client
-teaching client to apply choice theory to day-to-day life -Follow 8 steps of counseling, employing WDEP |
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WDEP
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-Wants and needs: directive questioning client recognizes and defines their wants and how they want it met
-Doing and directing: questions like "what are you doing, what direction?" -Evaluation:asking how the behavior they have is going to get them where they want to be -Planning and commitment: Formulating and committing to a plan. Simple, attainable, measurable, immediate, involved, controlled by planner, continuous |
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Choice Theory
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-We are born with five needs: Survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun
-These needs have varying strengths and drive our lives -The only behavior one can control is ones own. One makes choices to satisfy their own needs. - |
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2 Critical developmental periods
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-Ages 2-5: as socialization skills are learned. Love, acceptance, guidance, and support from parents are critical
-Ages 5-10: increasing interaction in school can cause frustration and a failure identity |
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Behavioral Disorders
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From either neurological factors, or choices
-Neuro Factors: ""mental illness," cause by brain abnormalities, damage, etc. -Choices: made because of unsatisfying relationships/lack of. -Does not diagnose or use the DSM or IDC |
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Key concepts in Reality Therapy
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-People are responsible for what they do.
-Past explored only for pas success, not dwelling on failures -No excuses accepted. -focus on present -Both positive and negative addictions -Development of a success or failure identity. -Success identity leads a person to feel worth and significance with others -Be responsible for own happiness |
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Techniques of Reality Therapy
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-8 steps
-WDEP |
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8 Steps
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1-Establishing a good working relationship, friendship
2-present behavior identified non-critically 3-Client evaluates behavior 4-alternitive behaviors examined and plan developed 5-Counselor gains commitment to action plan 6-No excuses or noncompliance accepted, logical consequences employed 7-holding client to plan, without employing punishment 8-Never give up until plan is fulfilled |
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Eclectic Therapy
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Fredrick Thorne
Arnold Lazarus Gordon Alport Gerard Egan Robert Carkhuff -50% of counselor consider themselves this -2 types: Counselor-centered eclecticism and Process-centered eclecticism |
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Counselor-Centered Eclecticism
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-Matching a counseling system to ones personality and priorities.
-Corey encourages looking at different therapies, but Eclectic Therapy comes only after years of experience -Lazarus says its important to be flexible enough to find something that works for a client |
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Process-Centered Eclecticism
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-Emphasis on underlying factors that are common in all therapeutic interchanges.
-More theoretical |
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Goals of Eclectic Therapy
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-Emphasis on growth and health
-concern for reduction of symptoms- but more focus on better functioning -Accentuates the positive |
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Eclectic Therapy Counselor role
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Coach, trainer (not healer)
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Key Concepts in Eclectic Therapy
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-Techniques to match client needs
-Role models for psychotherapy should be broadened -Integration model: Need step, choice step, action step, image step -Reintegration Model: Counteraction, catharsis, proaction, reintegration |
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Technical eclecticism
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Choosing techniques from different schools, not subscribing to the theoretical positions
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Best case
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theoretically consistent but technically eclectic
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Frederick Thorne (Eclectic Therapy)
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-First editor of Journal of Clinical Psychology
-first big name in Eclectic Therapy -thought it could be scientific and measurable -called his work psychological case handling |
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Arnold Lazarus (Eclectic Therapy)
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-Multimodal Therapy
-Traditional methods + assessment procedure -Assessment Exam- BASIC ID (Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal relationships, Drug/Bio) -Asserts all these sections need be addressed -Recommends Brief and comprehensive Therapy (Effective Therapy ) -Important to give client lots of coping techniques -Being an "Authentic Chameleon" |
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Lazarus's 8 Issues to address
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-Ambivalent or conflicted feelings
-Maladaptive behaviors -Misinformation -Lack of information -Interpersonal demands and pressures -External pressures and demands (not from close personal networks) -Severe traumatic experience -Biological dysfunction |
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Gordon Allport
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-Eclectic and trait theorist
-studied personality through healthy normal adults -Believed that neurotic and disturbed people function more in unconscious, while healthy people knew what they were doing -People shaped most by present and future |
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Communication Skills Approaches
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-Training/education to treat common human issues. Knowledge and effective skills are helpful for deficits in psychological/interpersonal areas
-Rogers three core therapeutic conditions (empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard) -Gerard Egan -Robert Clarkhuff |
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Gerard Egan's Skilled Helper approach
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-Humanistic problem solving model
-3 stages -Initial problem clarification:the story, blind spots, choosing the right problems/opportunities to work on -Preferred Scenario: Possibilities, change agenda, commitment -Action Strategies: Possible actions, best fit strategies, plan |
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Robert Clarkhuff's human resources developmental Model
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-assume ongoing process, self directedness is the goal
Level 1: Progress goals -Exploration:where is client in relation to where they should be -Understanding: Where does client want to be? -Action: client moving to where they want to be Level 2: Intermediate goals: Physical skills, interpersonal skills, cognitive skills Level 3: Unltimate goals: highest levels of responsiveness and initiative lead to self-actualizing |
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Feminist Therapy
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-No one person
-Roots in womans movement in 60's -credited for the attention now given to issues of rape, incest, child abuse, domestic violence, and sexual harassment |
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Goals of Feminist Therapy
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Seeks to transform both the individual and the society
-Individual: to empower the individual to break from from gender-role expectations.To reject societal expectations -Society: to force replacement of gender-role expectations, foster interdependence, cooperation, and mutual support for all people |
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Worell and Remer's goals of Feminist Therapy
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-Gaining awareness of ones gender-role and sociaization process
-identifying internalized gender-role messages and replacing them -Understanding the negative impact on sexist, oppressive belief's and practices in society -Acquiring skills to generate change in oneself and society -Developing freely chosen behaviors -rusting ones experiences and intuition -appreciating female-related values -assisting woman in taking care of themselves -helping woman accept and like their bodies -Identify and respond to ones sexual needs, not just those of someone else |
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Role of Feminist Counselor
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-similar to humanistic/person centered
-collaborative -people have the capacity to make positive changes -empowerment of client -helping client transcend stereotyping, and looking to internal values -some self-disclosure, and education |
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Disorders in Feminist Therapy
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-Accepting traditional roles of gender-socialization
-development over a lifetime means changes can happen any time |
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Feminist Therapy Concepts
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-Assumes men and and woman develop similarly if there were no societal gender roles
-Differences in races, cultures, etc, influence development -behavior results from confluence of intrapsychic, interpersonal, and environmental influences |
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"Personal is political"
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-being free from gender role's is a positive thing
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Egalitarian relationship
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equality in relationship, in life or with therapist
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All forms of oppression must be challenged
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belief in always fighting oppression of any kind
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Techniques in Feminist Therapy
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-Anything promoting recognition of gender-role socialization
-Gestalt therapy, and cog.behav. are comparable -Consciousness-raising techniques |
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Kare Horney
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The first woman psychiatrist to raise questions about assumptions concerning the psychoanalytic conception of woman
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Phyllis Chesler
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Book: Woman and Madness
analyzed how patriarchy in society shapes out definition of mental illness |
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The Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, and Vogel
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Study
Sex role stereotypes, in general compared to with females |
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Carol Gilligan
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Study's supporting the claim that moral reasoning of males and females centered around different concerns and issues
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Nancy Chodorow
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Proposed a revision of psychoanalysis, emphasizing woman tending to define themselves in terms of relationships with others.
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Sandra Bem
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Gender schema theory: girls and boys learn what roles and characteristics are expected of them through observation of society
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Jean Baker Miller
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Self-relation model of woman's development, tieing womans sense of self to connections with others,
-Also, expanding theories to other cultures, social action, and workplace issues |
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Carolyn Enns
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-Did an extensive summary/history of the last 20 years of feminine therapy. Noteworthy conclusions
-no steady definition of feminist therapy, because of variations -Still a lot of traditional ideas influencing political and social power structures -concepts seeming feminist/antifeminist should be examined further -trying to avoid "ism's" and taking everyone as individual -integration should continue to be a priority |
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The Association for Woman in Psychology
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-(AWP)
-started in 69 -APA even developed a segment for woman because of them |
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National Council for Research on woman
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-founded in the 80's
-very large |
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Laura Brown
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Instrumental in founding Feminist Therapy Institute
-Advancement of this theory, and contributions to the current thinking on ethics and boundaries in light of this theory and treatment of trauma survivors |
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Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)
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-Richard Bandler
-John Grinder -Based theory theory on linguistics and personalities. -Uses the word programming -Observed expert counselors and compared what was done what was done with what they said was done. -Concerned with how the process of the brain perceived, stored, and recalled events |
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Goals of NLP
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-TO discover how client perceives, stores, and retrieves information
-This discovered through eye movement and language -Client asked to consider problem area using that pattern, or another one that is better suited - |
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Role of NLP counselor
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-Communicator/educator
-relationship is important, but not a lot of time spent on it -rapport is quickly established through mirroring back non-verbal cues |
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Normal development
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-Determining if a behavior pattern works or not
-These 3 components are needed for client to learn new skill -The behavior and physiology the model uses to perform the skill -The models thinking strategies in performing the skill -The beliefs and values of why the model performs the skill |
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Disorders
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No real disorders in this theory
-behavior either works or doesn't work for the client |
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applications
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Popular in business circles, particularly sales people and those interacting with foreign cultures
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Concepts of NLP
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-Everyone has their own method of using sensory systems to experience the world (visual, auditory, or kinesthetic)
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Techniques of NLP
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-Mirroring for rapport: eye direction means something.
-Pacing and leading -Anchoring -Reframing -metaphores and story telling used for short term |
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Androcentric
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conclusions regarding human development are based on male-oriented constructs
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Consciousness rising
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technique from Womans Lib movement, comprehending sociopolitical structure of gender by analyzing ones life
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Deterministic
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assumes personality patterns and behavior are biologically fixed progressions
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Clark Hull
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Mathematically oriented theory of motivational process (drive)
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Insight
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third way of learning
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Intrapsychic
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assumed to arise or take place in the mind
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Johari's Windows
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-Open window: things you know about self AND others know about you
-Blind window: Things others see but self is unaware of -Hidden window: Things you see about self but others don't see -Unknown window: You don't see AND others don't see |
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Phenomenologic
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Viewing the clients world as the client sees it
-Very important to all counseling ideas. (first Rogerian, now all) |
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Paradigm
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A model
-ie. a directive paradigm vs. a non-directive paradigm |
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Wilhelm Reich
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believed that repeated sexual gratification was necessary to cure emotional illness
-Orgon box therapy -decided to become more personal with clients |
