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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Providing Advice On Cost |
Architect should NEVER guarantee his initial Estimate. - Estimate is neither quotation or Guarantee |
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Fun Fact ! |
Guaranteeing a Cost will void any professional liability Insurance Claim |
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Methods of Preparing Cost Estimates ? |
- General (Based on Historic Data) - Classes of Cost Estimates (Different Components in Building) |
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What are the the Class Levels in Cost Estimating? |
- Class A : Construction Documentation - Class B : Design Development - Class C : Schematic Design - Class D : Functional Program |
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Cost Estimate Class A : Construction Doc. |
As CD Docs become more complete, process continues as contingency reduces Advantages: - Most Reliable - Well Suited for Arch / GC / Manufacturers - Info remains current throughout project - Arch can build up skills for cost estimating Disadvantages: - Requires Estimator with both Design and Construction Experience - Requires foresight of all trades and subtrades involved |
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Cost Estimate Class B : Design |
Process is repeated as CD Docs become available by using expanding form - Reduction of uncertainty is reduced as design develops |
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Cost Estimate Class C : Schematic Design |
- Prepared in Early Stages - Based on : Type of Construction / Qty / Materials - Includes all assumptions - Includes for large design contingency allowance |
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Other Cost Estimate Methods ? |
- Elemental Costs (Used by Qty Surveyors) - Area - Volume - Unit Use (per component) |
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What Factors Affect Costs ? |
- Economic and Political Factors - Environmental - Building Type and Design - Characteristics of the Owner / Client - Definition of Project Requirements - Types of Project Delivery - Other Factors |
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Describe Eco / Political Factors that affect Cost Estimates ? |
- Union or Non Union labour - Interest Rates / Financing Costs - Large demand for materials - exchange rates between naitons |
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Describe Environmental Factors that affect Cost Estimates ? |
- Site Characteristics - weather and season - Location |
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Describe how Building Tyoe and Design affect Cost Estimates ? |
- Compliance with Code - Method of Construction (Steel vs Wood ?) - Height, No. of stoeys - Building Form ( compact cheaper than wider w/ same SqF) - Type and range of finishes - Choice of arrangement of Systems (Struct. Elec. Mech) - Life cycle of the building - Selection of components (off shelf vs custom) - sustainable design ( requirements to achieve certifications) |
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Describe how Owner / Client can affect Cost Estimates? |
- Design requiring high standards, rigorous quality control - complex bidding procedures - insurance requirements above the norm - extensive bonding requirements - poorly written, non standard contract wording - long delays in issuing payments to contractors |
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Describe how, Definition of Project Requirements (Functional Program) can affect Cost Estimates? |
Changes ! - the development of more specific detailed requirements by owner - factors such as tech developments, new legislation or change in market conditions - lack of sufficient detailed information - inadequate research prior to project - addition of new partners or stakeholders |
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Describe how Types of Project Delivery can affect Cost Estimates? |
- Accelerated Sched. to suite owner's needs - late commencement due to factors outside of owner's control (Winter) - delayed commencement during time of inflation - Owner's approval process |
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Describe "Other" Factors that affect cost estimates? |
Regulations: - burdensome bureaucratic requirements - numerous building code occupancy - hazardous demo. (Asbestos) - recycling regulations and fees Inconvenient Work Arrangements: - Construction Scheduling ( Evenings / Hospiatls etc) - Additional protection / cleanup - work adjacent or within building types that limit scheduling of equipment like cranes can be used - abnormal construction phasing |
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What sources are available to create cost Budget? |
Cost Consultants: - Quantity Surveyors - Construction Managers and other Dev. Construction Experts - Construction Price Index - Publications |
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What are the Adv / Disadvantages when using Quantity Surveyor to obtain Cost Budget? |
Advantages: - independent professional status - success is based on past work - up to date material / #'s - some larger Quantity Surveyors publish their own forecast info yearly Disadvantages: - unit costs are usually historic and not real time - detailed cost are not available (broken up by sub trade instead) |
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Tips and Tricks for Arch. regarding Cost Estimating |
- use quantity surveyor whenever appropriate, to increase quality and depth of arch. service available within the practice - monitor the work to make sure it is constantly applicable to the project - make sure info is relevant before passing to owner / client - make sure there are suffiicent fees to account for construction - make sure there is a budget for Cost Consultant Fee, if they are not employed directly by Owner |
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What are the Adv / Disadvantages when using Construction Manager / other Dev. Construction Experts? |
Advantages: - results are likely to be reliable, using unit cost assigned to area - #'s will be very current as these people are in the industry and are purchasing services daily Disadvantages: - as Construction Managers are essentially builders they do not have a general overview but rather very specific knowledge - narrow knowledge and not applicable to new situations - may not be reliable due to self interest - |
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Describe "Price Index" for pricing? |
Usually published by government agencies and private companies: - useful as a guide to show trends - some months out of date - presented in graph for, for ease of use |
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Describe "Publications" for pricing? |
Available by Gov't, Private associations: - useful to show trends and regional differences - not useful for a specific building but rather general overview - provide excellent, comprehensive and reliable data if used by qualified people - are assembled from real project data from previous year - prices can be adjusted for specific cities |
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What are the 2 different types of Contingencies? |
Design Contingencies + Construction Contingencies |
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Professional Services for each Phase of a project? |
Cost Estimating to ensure all cost estimating tasks are attended to at all phases of the project: - Phase A: Pre-Agreement Phase - Phase B: Schematic Design Phase - Phase C: Design Development - Phase D: Construction Documents - Phase E: Bidding and Negotiation Phase - Phase F: Contract Admin Phase |
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Phase A: Pre Agreement Phase Tasks |
Pre Agreement Phase: - ensures ensures that every aspect of spendiong will be reviewed by Owner / Arch or 3rd Party - can prepare complete proposal for project * This will demonstrate to Owner of what services will be involved for project * his will help Arch, prepare task / consultant task list |
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Phase B: Schematic Design Phase Tasks |
Arch. establishes preliminary design with best info from owner / consultants - instruct design team vs budget - review the scope/ quality and cost for building elements - review the budget and redefine scope |
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Phase C: Design Development Phase Tasks |
Arch. may: - provide revisions of construction costs - undertake additional analysis - refine building scope |
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Phase D: Contract Documents Tasks |
Arch. may: - update the construction cost estimate based on the CD docs (often at 50% and 95%) - includes allowances in the bid docs |
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Phase E: Bid and Negotiating Tasks |
RAIC Document 6 : " IF lowest Bid exceeds Cost analysis by 15%, the arch shall: - obtain approval from client to increase Budget - re-bid / negotiate - modify CD to obtain desired price |
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Phase F: Contract Admin Phase Tasks |
Arch. is usually required to detemine amounts owing to to the contractor under the contract, based on observations and evaluation / progress -COP's Arch also asses Changes CD's, CCN, RFI's |
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Life Cycle Costs |
As price of Energy has risen Offering the "Optional Service" of creating life cycle costs of a project is a service that Arch's now can offer. |
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Objectives of Life Cycle Cost Calculated ? |
- Allows comparison between components or systems - generates understanding of project and how it will function / costs - further development of design |
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How to calculate Life Cost ? |
Total Cost = Capital Cost + Operating Cost + Maintenance Cost |
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Life Cycle Costing is important because? |
- Diff. construction / systems / techniques have different life spans - maintain performance can be a considerable future cost - low construction costs may result in higher maintenance fees * Determine a Design Length of Life |
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Determining Design Length of life will: ??? |
- assess initial maintenance costs - compare this info for alternative selections during designs - determine most sustainable life cycle cost - incorporate operating costs, including energy consumption in study * Consultants are recommended ! |
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Value Engineering (Value Analysis) |
- not undertaken usually by architect but vy 3rd party - best time is during design process - determines optimum value for investment - modifying features that do not contribute... - do not mistaken value engineering for cost cutting |
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Embodied Energy Cost Analysis or Embodied Energy Consumption |
- analysis which assesses environmental imapcts - manufacturing / extraction / delivery / installation / demolition - emphasis on conserving natural and manufactured building materials to reduce embodied energy * Usually 3rd Party |