• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/37

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Providing Advice On Cost

Architect should NEVER guarantee his initial Estimate.


- Estimate is neither quotation or Guarantee

Fun Fact !

Guaranteeing a Cost will void any professional liability Insurance Claim

Methods of Preparing Cost Estimates ?

- General (Based on Historic Data)


- Classes of Cost Estimates (Different Components in Building)

What are the the Class Levels in Cost Estimating?

- Class A : Construction Documentation


- Class B : Design Development


- Class C : Schematic Design


- Class D : Functional Program

Cost Estimate


Class A : Construction Doc.

As CD Docs become more complete, process continues as contingency reduces




Advantages:


- Most Reliable


- Well Suited for Arch / GC / Manufacturers


- Info remains current throughout project


- Arch can build up skills for cost estimating




Disadvantages:


- Requires Estimator with both Design and Construction Experience


- Requires foresight of all trades and subtrades involved



Cost Estimate


Class B : Design

Process is repeated as CD Docs become available by using expanding form


- Reduction of uncertainty is reduced as design develops

Cost Estimate


Class C : Schematic Design

- Prepared in Early Stages


- Based on : Type of Construction / Qty / Materials


- Includes all assumptions


- Includes for large design contingency allowance

Other Cost Estimate Methods ?

- Elemental Costs (Used by Qty Surveyors)


- Area


- Volume


- Unit Use (per component)

What Factors Affect Costs ?

- Economic and Political Factors


- Environmental


- Building Type and Design


- Characteristics of the Owner / Client


- Definition of Project Requirements


- Types of Project Delivery


- Other Factors

Describe Eco / Political Factors that affect Cost Estimates ?

- Union or Non Union labour


- Interest Rates / Financing Costs


- Large demand for materials


- exchange rates between naitons

Describe Environmental Factors that affect Cost Estimates ?

- Site Characteristics


- weather and season


- Location

Describe how Building Tyoe and Design affect Cost Estimates ?

- Compliance with Code


- Method of Construction (Steel vs Wood ?)


- Height, No. of stoeys


- Building Form ( compact cheaper than wider w/ same SqF)


- Type and range of finishes


- Choice of arrangement of Systems (Struct. Elec. Mech)


- Life cycle of the building


- Selection of components (off shelf vs custom)


- sustainable design ( requirements to achieve certifications)

Describe how Owner / Client can affect Cost Estimates?

- Design requiring high standards, rigorous quality control


- complex bidding procedures


- insurance requirements above the norm


- extensive bonding requirements


- poorly written, non standard contract wording


- long delays in issuing payments to contractors

Describe how, Definition of Project Requirements (Functional Program) can affect Cost Estimates?

Changes !


- the development of more specific detailed requirements by owner


- factors such as tech developments, new legislation or change in market conditions


- lack of sufficient detailed information


- inadequate research prior to project


- addition of new partners or stakeholders

Describe how Types of Project Delivery can affect Cost Estimates?

- Accelerated Sched. to suite owner's needs


- late commencement due to factors outside of owner's control (Winter)


- delayed commencement during time of inflation


- Owner's approval process

Describe "Other" Factors that affect cost estimates?

Regulations:


- burdensome bureaucratic requirements


- numerous building code occupancy


- hazardous demo. (Asbestos)


- recycling regulations and fees




Inconvenient Work Arrangements:


- Construction Scheduling ( Evenings / Hospiatls etc)


- Additional protection / cleanup


- work adjacent or within building types that limit scheduling of equipment like cranes can be used


- abnormal construction phasing

What sources are available to create cost Budget?

Cost Consultants:


- Quantity Surveyors


- Construction Managers and other Dev. Construction Experts


- Construction Price Index


- Publications

What are the Adv / Disadvantages when using Quantity Surveyor to obtain Cost Budget?

Advantages:


- independent professional status


- success is based on past work


- up to date material / #'s


- some larger Quantity Surveyors publish their own forecast info yearly




Disadvantages:


- unit costs are usually historic and not real time


- detailed cost are not available (broken up by sub trade instead)



Tips and Tricks for Arch. regarding Cost Estimating

- use quantity surveyor whenever appropriate, to increase quality and depth of arch. service available within the practice


- monitor the work to make sure it is constantly applicable to the project


- make sure info is relevant before passing to owner / client


- make sure there are suffiicent fees to account for construction


- make sure there is a budget for Cost Consultant Fee, if they are not employed directly by Owner

What are the Adv / Disadvantages when using Construction Manager / other Dev. Construction Experts?

Advantages:


- results are likely to be reliable, using unit cost assigned to area


- #'s will be very current as these people are in the industry and are purchasing services daily




Disadvantages:


- as Construction Managers are essentially builders they do not have a general overview but rather very specific knowledge


- narrow knowledge and not applicable to new situations


- may not be reliable due to self interest


-

Describe "Price Index" for pricing?

Usually published by government agencies and private companies:


- useful as a guide to show trends


- some months out of date


- presented in graph for, for ease of use

Describe "Publications" for pricing?

Available by Gov't, Private associations:


- useful to show trends and regional differences


- not useful for a specific building but rather general overview


- provide excellent, comprehensive and reliable data if used by qualified people


- are assembled from real project data from previous year


- prices can be adjusted for specific cities

What are the 2 different types of Contingencies?

Design Contingencies


+


Construction Contingencies

Professional Services for each Phase of a project?

Cost Estimating to ensure all cost estimating tasks are attended to at all phases of the project:


- Phase A: Pre-Agreement Phase


- Phase B: Schematic Design Phase


- Phase C: Design Development


- Phase D: Construction Documents


- Phase E: Bidding and Negotiation Phase


- Phase F: Contract Admin Phase

Phase A: Pre Agreement Phase Tasks

Pre Agreement Phase:


- ensures ensures that every aspect of spendiong will be reviewed by Owner / Arch or 3rd Party


- can prepare complete proposal for project


* This will demonstrate to Owner of what services will be involved for project


* his will help Arch, prepare task / consultant task list



Phase B: Schematic Design Phase Tasks

Arch. establishes preliminary design with best info from owner / consultants


- instruct design team vs budget


- review the scope/ quality and cost for building elements


- review the budget and redefine scope

Phase C: Design Development Phase Tasks

Arch. may:


- provide revisions of construction costs


- undertake additional analysis


- refine building scope

Phase D: Contract Documents Tasks

Arch. may:


- update the construction cost estimate based on the CD docs (often at 50% and 95%)


- includes allowances in the bid docs

Phase E: Bid and Negotiating Tasks

RAIC Document 6 : " IF lowest Bid exceeds Cost analysis by 15%, the arch shall:


- obtain approval from client to increase Budget


- re-bid / negotiate


- modify CD to obtain desired price



Phase F: Contract Admin Phase Tasks

Arch. is usually required to detemine amounts owing to to the contractor under the contract, based on observations and evaluation / progress


-COP's


Arch also asses Changes CD's, CCN, RFI's



Life Cycle Costs

As price of Energy has risen Offering the "Optional Service" of creating life cycle costs of a project is a service that Arch's now can offer.

Objectives of Life Cycle Cost Calculated ?

- Allows comparison between components or systems


- generates understanding of project and how it will function / costs


- further development of design

How to calculate Life Cost ?

Total Cost = Capital Cost + Operating Cost + Maintenance Cost

Life Cycle Costing is important because?

- Diff. construction / systems / techniques have different life spans


- maintain performance can be a considerable future cost


- low construction costs may result in higher maintenance fees




* Determine a Design Length of Life

Determining Design Length of life will: ???

- assess initial maintenance costs


- compare this info for alternative selections during designs


- determine most sustainable life cycle cost


- incorporate operating costs, including energy consumption in study


* Consultants are recommended !

Value Engineering (Value Analysis)

- not undertaken usually by architect but vy 3rd party


- best time is during design process


- determines optimum value for investment


- modifying features that do not contribute...


- do not mistaken value engineering for cost cutting



Embodied Energy Cost Analysis or Embodied Energy Consumption

- analysis which assesses environmental imapcts


- manufacturing / extraction / delivery / installation / demolition


- emphasis on conserving natural and manufactured building materials to reduce embodied energy


* Usually 3rd Party