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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three major brain centers that work to control voluntary movement? |
1)motor regions of frontal lobe
2) basal ganglia 3) cerebellum |
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What are the regions of the frontal lobe for voluntary movement?
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1)premotor cortex
2) supplemental motor area 3) primary motor cortex |
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How does the information get from brain centers to movement?
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1) brain centers
2) pyramidal or extrapyramidal system 3) lower motor neurons/final common pathway 4) muscle fibers |
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Where is the primary motor cortex?
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precentral gyrus/area 4
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What is the layout of the primary motor cortex? (2)
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1)humonculus - fine movements like eyes, face have larger representation
2)surface - diffuse groups of muscles for complex movements deep - single or small muscle groups |
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What is the input and output of the primary motor cortex?
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Input: various areas
Output: brain stem (corticobulbar) and spinal cord (corticospinal) |
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Where is the premotor cortex and supplementary area?
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area 6
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What is the function of the premotor cortex and supplementary area?
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generation of patterns and programs for movement
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What is the input and output of the premotor cortex and supplementary area?
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input: sensory assocation cortex and lateral cerebellum
output: primary motor cortex |
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Where is the supplementary motor area?
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dorsomedial surface of cerebral hemisphere
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What are areas associated with cortical movement that are not actually in the motor cortex? (2)
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prefrontal cortex
posterior parietal cortex |
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What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
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motivation and strategies for movement
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What is the input and output of the prefrontal cortex?
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input: sensory and posterior parietal cortex + limbic system
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What is the posterior parietal cortex function?
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providing sensory information needed to generate correct movement
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What is apraxia?
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not being able to execute learned sequence despite intact pathways
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How do you get apraxia?
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lesion in frontal association area or posterior parietal cortex
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What are two lesions of the motor cortex?
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1) stroke
2)epilepsy |
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Mechanism of stroke action in motor cortex
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stroke disrupts blood supply to motor cortex or corticospinal fibers
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What is consequence of stroke?
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flaccid paralysis of side contralateral to lesion which is gradually replaced by spastic paralysis
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What is often lost in lesions of motor cortex?
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fine motor control of finger movement
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What is the jacksonian march?
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epileptic events in cortex that co from hand, arms and eventually to the whole body
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What are the lesions in the different disorders of the basal ganglia?
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Parkinsons: Nigrostraital dopaminergic
Huntington: Intrastraital and cortical cholinergics and GABAergic neurons Hemiballism: Infarct or hemmorhage of STN |
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What are the different chemical changes in the disorders of the basal ganglia?
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Parkinsons: Decreased dopamine
Huntington's: Decrease CAT Hemiballism: Decrease GLUT |
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What are the neurological signs of the different disorders of the basal ganglia?
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Parkinsons: hypokinetic, Resting tremor, bradykinesia, shuffling gait
Huntington: Chorea, hyperkineti Hemiballism: Flinging movement of contralateral limb |
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What are the treatments for the different basal ganglia diseases?
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Parkinsons: L-Dopa
Huntington: dopamine antagonist Hemiballism: Neuroleptic |
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What basal ganglia disease is untreatable and heridtary?
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Huntingtons
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How does the planning and execution of voluntary movement occur?
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1) Basal ganglia and pontocerebellum assemble a motor plan
2) motor plan goes to premotor cortex 3) motor cortex sends projections to lower motor neurons 4) lower motor neurons activate specific muscle fibers or muscle groups that result in movement 5) spinocerebellum coordinates muscle groups by monitoring output of motor cortex and sends adjustments to motor cortex 6) lower motor neurons are activated and adjusted movement occurs |
