Corrections Exam 3

Front 1

What generally refers to the the execution, in the name of the state, of a person convicted of certain crimes?

Back 1

Capital punishment

Front 2

What are the most common capital punishment crimes?

Back 2

Treason, murder, and rape

Front 3

What is the most frequent method of execution of death penalty cases in the U.S.?

Back 3

Lethal injection

Front 4

What are some arguments on the death penalty?

Back 4

-Issues of deterrence
-Excessive cruelty (8th amendments)
-Equability (4th and 6th amendments)
-Public attitudes

Front 5

Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put twice into jeopardy of life or limb; Nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, Nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just, is an example of?

Back 5

5th amendment

Front 6

The accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, By an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, Which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
And to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, is an example of?

Back 6

6th amendment

Front 7

Excessive bail shall not be required, Nor excessive fines imposed, Nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted, is an example of?

Back 7

8th amendment

Front 8

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without the due process of law;
Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, is an example of?

Back 8

14th amendment

Front 9

Who are very few executed (3% of total ever executed), are screened out of death-eligible charges, account for about 1 in 10 murder arrests, account for 1 in 50 death sentences imposed at the trial level, are 1 in 67 persons on death row?

Back 9

Women

Front 10

What does the public say about the execution of juveniles?

Back 10

-Juveniles are different from adults
-Juveniles have less mature rationality
-They are less culpable for their acts
-They should be rehabilitated

Front 11

What are some alternative for the execution of juveniles?

Back 11

-Life without parole (LWOP)
-Life without parole plus making the juvenile work to make restitution (LWOP+WR)

Front 12

In early 2005, the U.S Supreme Court struck down the age of capital punishment for anyone under what age?

Back 12

18

Front 13

In 2005, which Supreme Court case declared it unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18?

Back 13

Roper v. Simmons

Front 14

T or F: The cost of the death penalty is greater than the total costs of life-without-parole cases?

Back 14

True

Front 15

In 2002 the United States Supreme Court struck down the use of the death penalty for those who were?

Back 15

Mentally ill at the time of their offense

Front 16

What are some of the reasons for prisoner's population growth?

Back 16

-Decline in the prison release rate
-States are forcing inmates to serve 85% of their sentences
-High failure rate for parolees
-Inadequate re-entry care and programs

Front 17

What do the self-report studies say about race and crime in America?

Back 17

More are in prisons than colleges/universities due to:
-Lack of social services and employment opportunities
-Law enforcement focusing on crack (rather than cocaine) sales
-Collateral consequences of former convictions

Front 18

What is a drug of choice for lower income persons, sales attend to occur on the streets and in public places, and sales are easily videotaped?

Back 18

Crack

Front 19

What are "supermax" prisons?

Back 19

Maximum-security prisons that contain the most dangerous inmates

Front 20

What are institutional threat groups ?

Back 20

Prison gangs

Front 21

What are some issues related to male offenders?

Back 21

-Men in prison tend to be heavy users of drugs and alcohol
-1 in 3 was drinking at the time of his instant offense
-1 in 6 was defined as mentally ill
-1 in 3 of the mentally ill was alcohol dependent
-1 in 4 received mental health services while in jail

Front 22

What is the process by which the newly committed inmates (and some prison staff) are introduced into the culture of the society of captives, and learn to live within that inmate culture?

Back 22

Prisonization

Front 23

What does it mean when an offender is categorized as a high risk offender?

Back 23

Population at risk

Front 24

What does the classification system of prison indicate?

Back 24

High, medium, and minimum risk offenders

Front 25

Why are there elderly inmates?

Back 25

Elderly inmates are more likely than other prisoners to have committed crimes such as homicide and manslaughter, as well as sexual offenses

Front 26

Elderly offenders in prison usually have?

Back 26

Good healthcare

Front 27

What are some characteristics of females and crime?

Back 27

-Females are arrested for about 1 in 5 crimes
-They account for more than 3 in 5 larceny-theft arrests
-75% of all arrests of females for serious crime is for larceny-theft
-Females are 275% more likely to be arrested for drug than for violent offenses

Front 28

What are offenses in which the victim does not seem to appear, or is equaled to the offender (ex. prostitution and drug abuse)?

Back 28

Victimless crimes

Front 29

What percent of women in prison are responsible for supporting their children?

Back 29

80%

Front 30

What are some reasons why the female prison population has increased?

Back 30

-No one knows exactly
1. females have more opportunities to commit crime than ever before
-Other theories is that the women’s liberation movement have influence to be harder sentencing for females
2. the war of drugs have sent many more females drug addicts into prisons than in the past

Front 31

What are some characteristics of female jail inmates?

Back 31

-Are not drawn from mainstream America
-Mainly from deprived and unstable backgrounds
-Have been exclusively abused over time
-Preferential treatment seems to be disappearing for those arrested for nontraditional crime
-Emotional, social, and economic barriers
-Most are not dangerous
-Many are physically or mentally ill

Front 32

What was the first state-level prison exclusively for women?

Back 32

The Indiana Reformatory Institute for Women (1873)

Front 33

Where was the first federal institution for women?

Back 33

Federal Correctional Institution at Alderson, West Virginia (1925)

Front 34

What does a co-gendered program consist of?

Back 34

Male and female inmates (118 co-gender programs for female juvenile delinquents and 103 co-gender facilities

Front 35

What is a management program for adult corrections that has a single administrator for both sexes and a regular program of activities in which both males and females have daily interactions?

Back 35

Co-gendered program

Front 36

What are the special problems of incarcerated females?

Back 36

-Children left behind at home
-Pregnancy at time of intake, studies suggest that some one in four adult females entering prison either were pregnant or had given birth to an infant within the last 12 months.
-Absentee mothering
-Family visiting

Front 37

What are some characteristics of drug abusing female inmates?

Back 37

-More than 60% have used drugs sometime in their lives
-Half of the convicted inmates had used drugs in the month prior to their offense
-40% had used drugs daily
-1 in 6 reported committing her crime to buy drugs
-1 in 3 was under the influence of alcohol at the time of her offense

Front 38

What refers to the duty of the state to protect those unable to protect themselves, particularly juveniles and the mentally disordered (the state is the parent)?

Back 38

Parens patriae

Front 39

What are the issues related to criminal behavior with aging?

Back 39

-Crime and age peak at about age seventeen
-Less experienced at crime…more likely to be arrested
-Group crime (car theft etc.) Juveniles tend to commit crime in groups
-Incapacitation of repeat offenders; imposing longer sentences

Front 40

What does a status offender refer to when dealing with juveniles?

Back 40

Juveniles who have committed acts that are law violations by virtue of the child's age but would not be criminal if committed by an adult (such as runaway, incorrigibility, defiance)

Front 41

What are the rights guaranteed to juveniles in court proceedings?

Back 41

-Right to adequate notice of charges against the juvenile
-Right to counsel and to have one provided if indigent
-Right to confrontation and cross-examination of witness
-Right to not self-incriminate
-Due process before transfer to adult court
-Innocent until proven guilty

Front 42

What are SOME rights guaranteed to juveniles in court proceedings?

Back 42

-Right to notice of the charges in time to prepare for trial
-Right to counsel
-Right to confrontation and cross-examination of accuser
-Privilege against self-incrimination

Front 43

What are some risk factors that have been identified by research that contribute to serious, violent, and chronic juvenile crime?

Back 43

-Weak family attachments
-Lack of consistent discipline
-Physical abuse and neglect
-Poor school performance
-Delinquent peer groups
-High-crime neighborhoods

Front 44

What is the first voluntary juvenile court case in which a juvenile had to waive constitutional rights was established in?

Back 44

Kent v. United States

Front 45

What are some promising approaches to decreasing youth gangs and gang problems?

Back 45

-Target, arrest, and incarcerate gang leaders
-Provide preventive services for youth who are at risk
-Crisis intervention or mediation of gang fights
-Patrol community “hot spots”
-Close supervision of gang offenders by justice and community-based agencies
-Remedial education for targeted youth gang members
-Safe zones around schools

Front 46

Who are victims of juvenile crimes?

Back 46

People they usually know

Front 47

Who are special category offenders?

Back 47

Offenders who have many more problems than the general population:
(Mentally disordered offenders, Developmentally challenged offenders, Sex offenders, H-I-V infected offenders, Geriatric offenders, and Long-term offenders)

Front 48

What is when the defense alleges that the defendants lack the capacity to understand the charges against them and to cooperate with counsel in the preparation of their own defense (Persons are usually committed to a mental institution until restored to competency)?

Back 48

Incompetent to stand trial

Front 49

What is a plea entered by the defendant acknowledging guilt, but asserting a lack of capacity to understand the nature of the act or that it was wrong (The convicted offender is sentenced to confinement in either a correctional facility or a mental institution for treatment)?

Back 49

Guilty, but mentally ill (GBMI)

Front 50

Who injures or has questionable sexual relations or dealing with a person under the age of puberty or legal age: fondling, rape, indecency exposure, etc?

Back 50

Child molester

Front 51

What are some problems inside the prison in relation to developmentally challenged offenders?

Back 51

-Slower to adjust to routine
-Rarely take part in rehabilitation programs
-Suffer from practical jokes and sexual harassment
-More often denied parole, serving longer sentences
-Administrators regard them as a misfit in their system
-Higher rates of involvement in violent incidents in prison

Front 52

How effective are sex offender registration laws?

Back 52

Supporters argue they are effective because they inform the public

Front 53

What are some issues related to registration?

Back 53

-Increased violence
-Many sex offenders fail to register
-Ineffective monitoring
-The value of real estate goes down
-False sense of security

Front 54

What are registration laws?

Back 54

Laws have become a sexual deviant catching all, and making it difficult to distinguish minor infractions from the more serious offenses. Along with the public registry sexual offenders are restricted in where they can live
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Front 55

According to previous studies does sex offender registration have an effect on sex offender recidivism rates?

Back 55

Results indicate there is no difference in recidivism rates

Front 56

Criteria used by prosecutors?

Back 56

The crime, victim's race, and offenders race, social class, and economic class