Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some controllable risk factors of CAD?
|
-alcohol
-abnormal lipids -smoking -obesity -diabetes |
|
|
What are some uncontrollable risk factors of CAD?
|
-age
-family history -sex (male) -race |
|
|
Name the three systems that transport blood:
|
-systemic circulation
-pulmonary circulation -coronary circulation |
|
|
Name the three layers of arteries and veins:
|
-tunica adventitia
-tunica media -tunica intima |
|
|
What has a thicker tunica media, veins or arteries?
|
arteries
|
|
|
What surrounds veins to help them squeeze blood back to the heart?
|
skeletal mm
|
|
|
Why do arteries have thicker tunica media's (smooth mm)?
|
it allows them to constrict and dilate
|
|
|
Why are the lumens large in veins?
|
because the hold large amounts of blood and act as a blood reservoir
|
|
|
What is lymphedema?
|
normal flow of lymph is blocked or altered which causes obstruction in the lymph. this leads to swelling.
|
|
|
Clinical presentation of lymphedema
|
-inflammation
-hypertrophy of subQ adipose tissue -fibrotic changes over time -congestion with thick/brown skin color |
|
|
Blood Pressure: What is Autoregulation?
|
continuous adjustment of vessel diameter
|
|
|
What is the formula to find BP?
|
BP = CO x SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
|
|
|
What are the 4 mechanisms that can alter BP?
|
-ANS input
-Baroreceptors -Chemoreceptors -RAA and renal function |
|
|
What is CAD?
|
when insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the myocardium (ischemia) because of artherosclerotic coronary arteries.
|
|
|
Ischemia creates a context for injury via 3 mechanisms: what is the triad?
|
-oxygen free radicals
-excitatory amino acids -inflammation |
|
|
Which intracellular electrolyte accumulates in the face of ischemia?
|
calcium (Ca+) overload
|
|
|
What is HDL and what does it do?
|
HDL: high density lipoproteins "good cholesterol"
-picks up excess cholesterol from the cells & brings it back to the liver for processing -then taken out of the body |
|
|
What is LDL and what does it do?
|
LDL: low density lipoproteins "bad cholesterol"
-carries cholesterol to the cells -deposited in walls to become plaque |
|
|
What is the significance of foam cells in atherosclerosis?
|
foam cells are macrophages that have engulfed lipid. they continue to release inflammatory mediators to attract more leukocytes. then excess debris and lipid accumulate in the vessel wall causing artherosclerotic arteries.
|
|
|
As the vessel lumen narrows in CAD: understand the role of platelets.
|
as the plaque grows, platelets cluster on arterial walls which recruit more platlets. this causes a blockage and compromises blood flow.
|
|
|
As the vessel lumen narrows in CAD: What's the clotting cascade risk?
|
as plaque builds vasoactive amines are released which activate the coagulation cascade
|
|
|
As the vessel lumen narrows in CAD: What's the thrombus risk?
|
coagulation cascade can cause a thrombus to form. this blood clot narrows the diameter an can break off to form floating embolus (dangerous)
|
|
|
Who is at greatest risk for a silent MI?
|
diabetic. peripheral changes lessen the likelihood of feeling symptoms
|
|
|
What causes endothelial injury that leads to atherosclerosis?
|
-smoking
-HTN -hyperlipidemia -viruses -immune reactions |
|
|
What is the major cause/risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis?
|
hyperlipidemia
|
