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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the primary factor responsible for perfusing the coronary arteries? |
Blood pressure in the aorta |
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When do the heart and coronary arteries get perfused? |
During diastole |
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What is preload? |
The volume of blood in the heart |
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What is afterload? |
The resistance that needs to be overcome for blood to pump. |
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What is coronary artery disease? |
A kind of heart disease that is caused by impaired blood flow. |
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What is the most common cause of coronary artery disease? |
Atherosclerosis |
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What is angina and what causes it? |
Angina is chest pain. It is caused by ischemia when O2 demand exceeds O2 supply. |
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What is stable angina? |
Chest pain caused by a fixed plaque that partially occludes a coronary artery. It is relieved with rest and nitroglycerin. |
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What is variant angina? |
It is a type of chest pain that is not caused by atherosclerosis, but instead is caused by a coronary artery spasm. |
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When does variant angina normally occur? |
It occurs with minimal exertion and commonly occurs nocturnally. |
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What are the common angina medications? |
1. Nitrates 2. Beta Blockers 3. Calcium Channel Blockers |
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What is unstable angina? |
A type of chest pain that occurs when a plaque in the coronary artery ruptures, allowing for platelet aggregation and further occlusion of the coronary artery. |
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What are the signs and symptoms of unstable angina? |
1. Pain at rest (>20 min) 2. New onset 3. More severe, prolonged, or frequent than previous angina symptoms. 4. Does not respond to nitroglycerin |
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What is an NSTEMI? |
A non-ST elevation myocardial infarction that is diagnosed by cardiac serum markers. It occurs when an artery is not completely occluded and a small amount of blood is still able to get through. |
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What is a STEMI? |
An ST elevation myocardial infarction can be diagnosed by an ECG or cardiac serum markers. |
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What is the difference between unstable angina and a NSTEMI? |
Unstable angina is cause by ischemia to the heart muscle, whereas a NSTEMI occurs when heart muscle begins to die. They can be differentiated by serum markers. |
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What are the two serum markers to look at when a MI is suspected? |
1. CK-MB 2. Troponin |
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What is the timeline for elevated CK-MB serum markers when a patient has a heart attack? |
Elevation: Within 8 hours after MI Return to Normal: 2-3 days after MI |
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What is the timeline for elevated Troponin serum markers when a patient has a heart attack? |
Elevation: 3 hours after MI Return to Normal: 3-4 days & up to 10 days after MI |
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What is the timeline for early reperfusion during a heart attack? |
20 minutes |
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What is the timeline for irreversible damage/death to myocardial cells during a heart attack? |
20-40 minutes |
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What factors determine the extent of an MI? |
1. Location and extent of occlusion 2. Amount of heart tissue supplied by the vessel 3. Duration of occlusion 4. Metabolic needs of the affected tissue 5. Extent of collateral circulation |
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What is a transmural infarct? |
It causes death to the full thickness of a ventricular wall and occurs with the obstruction of a single artery. |
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What is a subendocardial infarct? |
It involves the inner 1/3 to 1/2 of a ventricular wall. It can occur with severely narrowed arteries or with occlusion of a very small artery. |
