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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dependent demand
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Demand for items that are subassemblies or component parts to be used in the production of finished goods.
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independent demand
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demand for items that are not components of another item
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Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)
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computer based info system that translates master schedule requirements for end items into time-phased requirements for sub assemblies, components and raw materials
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MRP answers
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1) what is needed
2)how much is needed 3) when is it needed |
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MRP inputs
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Master schedule
Bill of materials, inventory records file |
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Master schedule
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states which end items are to be produced, when these are needed, and in what quantities
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Cumulative lead times:
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the sum of leadtimes from ordering to completion
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BOM Bill of materials
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listing of all raw materials , parts nd assemblies need to produce a unit
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Product structure tree
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a visal depiction of the requirements in a bill of materials where all compents are listed by levels
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Low level coding
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reconstructing bom so that multiple occurences of a component all coincide with the lowest level
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Inventory records
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includes information on status of each item by time period
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net requirements
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Gross requirement- available inventory
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Available inventory
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Projected on hand- safety stock- inventory allocated to other items
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Gross requirements
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total expected demand for an item or raw material in a time period
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scheduled receipts
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open orders scheduled to arrive
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projected on hand
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inventory expected in beginning of period
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Net requiremetns
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actual amount needed
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Planned order receipts
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Quantity expected to be received by the beginning of hte period in which it is shown
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planned-order releases
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planned amount to order in each period
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lot-for-lot ordering
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order size equal to net requirements
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Regenerative system with pros and cons
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approach that updates MRP periodically, all system changed; for stable systems
pros:cost less, cancel itself out, less modification cons: potential lag |
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Net change system with pros and cons
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Updates MRP records continuously; only changes applied. for systems with frequent changes
pros: more accurate real time changes Cons: expensive; |
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MRP outputs
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planned orders
order releases changes |
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planned orders
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schedule indicating the amount and timing of future orders
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order releases
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authorization for the execution of planned orders
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Benefits of MRP
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automates task of tracking parts and subassemblies
Differentiates independent and dependent demand low level of in process inventories ability to track material req ability to evaluate capacity req |
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ERP enterprise resource planning
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integration of financial manufacturing and hr on a single comp
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Total Inventory(units
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RM cycle stock +RM safety stock+ WIP+ Finished Goods + FG safety stock
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RM cycle stock
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Q/2
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RM safety stock
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z SQRT (variance LT + variance demand squared)
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mean of LT
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(Minimum+ 4*most likley + maximum)/ 6
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SD for LT
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(max- min)/ 6
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RM mean demand
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BOM multiplier * FG mean demand
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RM SD of eemand
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BOM multiplier* FG SD of demand
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regional considerations for location
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location of raw materials
location of markets labor |
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community considerations for location
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quality of life
services attitudes taxes environmental regulations utilities development support |
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Site considerations for location
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land
cost transportation environmental/legal |
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Global locations benefits
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Markets: expand
Cost Savings: cheaper rm and labor Legal and regulatory: less laws Financial: avoid currency changes |
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Global location disadvantages
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Transportation costs high
security costs high : theft and security Unskilled labor: low quality Import restrictions crticisms: moral |
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Global location risks
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Political: instability overseas
Terrorism Economic: inflation or deflation legal: regulations, eliminate benefits |
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Factor rating
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general approach to evaluating locations that includes quantitative and qualitative inputs.
B4B: Perez/Anich Model Factor, weight factor (sum to 1.0), score all options (1-100) |
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Center of gravity6
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method for locating a distribution center tha minimizes distribution cost
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Technology innovation
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The discovery of new or improved products, services or processes
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Process types
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Job shop, batch, repetitive, continuous and project
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Job shop
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small scale used when low volume of high variety goods will be needed ( high flexibility) (emergency room)
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Batch
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moderate volume of goods or services is desired and can handle a moderate variety in products and services ( commercial bakery)
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Repetitive
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Higher volumes of more standardized goods with only slight flexibility (auto carwash)
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continuous
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very high volume of highly standardized output with no variety and no need for flexiblity (petroleum refinery)
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Process selection see page 74-75
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ok
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project
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a nonrepetitive set of activities directed toward a unique goal within a limited time frame
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objectives of layout design
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facilitate attainment of product
use workers and space efficiently to avoid bottlenecks minimize materials handling cost eliminate unneccessary movements minimize production time design for safety |
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product layouts
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uses standardized processing operations to achieve smooth rapid high volume flow
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Production line
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standardized layout arranged according to a fixed sequence of production tasks
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assembly line
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standardized layout arranged according to a fixed sequence of assembly tasks
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types of basic layouts
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product: repetitive processing
process: intermittent processing fixed position: projects require layouts |
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pros/cons of product process
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pros: high standardization and output, low cost per unit, labor specialization, high utilization, routine
Cons:risk of shutdown and lack of flexibility ( can be prevented with inspection and maintainence check), poor skilld labor, preventative measures cost money, incentive plans dont work |
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process layouts
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layouts that can handle varied processing requirements
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intermittent processing
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non repetitive processing
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process layout advantage and disadvantage
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pros: flexible, possible to use incentives, less costly than specialized equipments, no vulnerable to equipment failure
cons: high inventory costs, low equip utilization, material handling is slow and inefficient, job complexity requires high cost for supervision, |
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fixed-position layout
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layout in which the product or project remains stationary
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