Core Gould

Front 1

Main points:

Back 1

Exclusion of women and overfocus on competition. Public/private. Gendering IR. Fem sov, power and authority. Ignoring anarchy is womanly, disaster. Gender hierarchy. Security as utopian.

Front 2

List to use

Back 2

Connell in Zalewski & Parpart, The Man Question in IR
Grant & Newland, Gender and IR
Hoffman, Gender and Sovereignty
Hutchings in Zalewski & Parpart, The Man Question in IR
Sjoberg, Gender, Structure and War: What Waltz Couldn’t See
Steans, Gender and IR

Front 3

Connell in Zalewski & Parpart, The Man Question in IR

Back 3

Hegemonic masculinity. Exclusion from charmed circle. Keep justifying. Don’t interfere with commonsense idea that men are natural power brokers.

Front 4

Grant & Newland, Gender and IR

Back 4

Exclusion of women has made IR excessively focused on conflict, anarchy, competition, fear. Against Mother Nature, capricious feminism. Society achieves control, mae dominance. Female of body not mind, reigns in home, lacks understanding, senses not reason. SD – women left out because private. IR not concerned with individual. Difficult introduce gender in IR w/domestic/intl division.

Front 5

Hoffman, Gender and Sovereignty

Back 5

Sov used by fem to show domination. Tickner – sov, power, security framed as masculine. Intrinsically patriarchal. What makes realism patriarchal – sov state as main actor. Can’t see past state which is masculine construct resting on patriarchal public/private divide. R abstracts from state as domestic. Bringing women in means restructuring or abandoning realism. IR can’t be gendered unless NR challenged. To fem sov also fem power and authority

Front 6

Hutchings in Zalewski & Parpart, The Man Question in IR

Back 6

Marginalization of fem/gender from IR – legitimizing function of masculinity discourses. Masculinity poses two problems for feminists: 1. Concrete effect (war) and 2. Hierarchical logic of exclusion of women and feminine. Male and female characteristics. Mearsheimer critique. GP is real man. Ignoring anarchy is womanly and courts disaster.

Front 7

Sjoberg, Gender, Structure and War: What Waltz Couldn’t See

Back 7

Third image theorizing, which is not pop with fems. Rarely use structure. Must engage with Waltz directly. Waltz – was not meant to account for all variation in war but as a different sort of cause with a different role. Anarchy is permissive of war. Accounts for its recurrence despite its various causes. Gender means mas/fem delineated, visible with different values. Men can be feminized. Sociopolitical ordering principle rather than an innate property of humanness. Even if gender “invisible” can tell if it is structural feature if advantage/disadvantage, exploitation/control, action/emotion, meaning/identity patterened thru masc/fem (Acker). Sjoberg combines Waltz and Acker to show what gendered structure might look like. Waltz – a factor is structural if not influencing state identity in states individually but influencing identities of states generally. If gendered, then conflicts between states can be seen as conflicts within/about gendered order of intl structure. Conflict might not be for survival but to dominate. Gender hierarchy could then be seen as a permissive cause of war. Wendt – was correct in arguing nothing inherent about anarchy to create conflict but too quick in looking for cultures of anarchy. Third path – Sjoberg likes – gender hierarchy is the structural factor other than/in addition to anarchy to explain conflictual nature. Variations in state understanding of genders can account for level of competition. State gender relations as intervening variable in how power parity influences aggression. Blindness to gender at locations IR studies.

Front 8

Steans, Gender and IR

Back 8

o Gender – ideological and material relations between men/women. Marxist fem. Radical fem. Realists – power/security ungendered/universal. Based on sov man, which holds warrior, prince. Machiavelli – from justice to power and autonomy. Honor, heroism. Govt as self-reliant, avoid dependence. Women – sign of original weakness, threat to self-control, competing values. Women dependent, subversive. Realist – security depends on military power. Tickner – military least likely to be cut/contested. NR – hegemonic state manages institutions. Realists – skeptical of security through “utopian”. State may be threat to own people. Greater costs to women of militarism. Militarism – subordination of civil society to military values, military control of civilians. Peace as feminine. Fems – peace is woman’s control over life. Women’s Intl Peace Conference Halifax 1985.