Core Biology Dump

Front 1

What is a cell?

Back 1

- Smallest structural & functional unit of an organism- Basic unit of life- usually too small to be seen without light microscope

Front 2

Prokaryotic cells

Back 2

- 'before nucleus'- DNA not organised into Chromosomes

Front 3

Eukaryotic cells

Back 3

- 'true nucleus'~ 10x size of prokaryotic cell- membrane bound compartments (e.g. mitochondria)

Front 4

3 main prokayotic (bacterium) shapes

Back 4

1. Spirilli (spiral)2. Bacilli (rod)3. Cocci (sphere)(Also Stella, star-shaped, and Haloarcula, rectangular)

Front 5

Consists of ________, a polymer consisting of ___ and ___ and short chains of __________.

Back 5

peptidoglycan, NAG, NAM, amino acids.

Front 6

This shows?

Back 6

Flagellum assembly

Front 7

What are the two main types of eukaryotic cells?

Back 7

Animal cells and plant cells

Front 8

what are the long green tubes in this mitochondria?

Back 8

A thylakoid is a disc in the chloroplast with the granum being the name of a stack of thylakoids

Front 9

what does this show?

Back 9

A permanent dipole (stronger than Van der waals' forces)

Front 10

Ketones have ________ dipole- dipole interactions and __________ points

Back 10

lower, boiling

Front 11

The atomic number equals...

Back 11

the number of electrons

Front 12

Electrophile

Back 12

Reagent attracted to electrons (electron loving)

Front 13

Nucleophiles

Back 13

Nuclear loving, donates a pair of electrons in order to form a chemical bond

Front 14

what is happening here?

Back 14

Nucleophilic addition

Front 15

Elements are made up of

Back 15

different atoms

Front 16

Number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus is the

Back 16

Mass number

Front 17

Removing electrons from an atom creates a positive or negative ion?

Back 17

Positive

Front 18

Adding electrons to an atom creates a positive or negative ion?

Back 18

Negative

Front 19

Acids and bases are described as a __________ pair

Back 19

conjugate (conjugate refers to an acid and base that differ from each other by a proton- is reversible)

Front 20

A conjugate acid _______ H+

Back 20

donates

Front 21

A conjugate base ________ H+

Back 21

accepts (it contributes a lone pair of electrons to the dative covalent bond with the proton)

Front 22

Most reactions of acids...

Back 22

take place in water

Front 23

(Water is) amphoteric

Back 23

Can act like an acid or a base

Front 24

Concentration of an acid is

Back 24

the amount (moles) dissolved in 1dm-3 of solution

Front 25

Redox reductions

Back 25

involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another (spontaneous generally exothermic)

Front 26

Oxidation

Back 26

loss of electrons

Front 27

Reduction

Back 27

gain of electrons

Front 28

Redox reaction

Back 28

Where electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Front 29

Oxidising agent

Back 29

a reagent which increases the oxidation number of an element of a given element. These reagents are called oxidants

Front 30

Reducing agent

Back 30

a reagent that lowers the oxidation number of a given element. These reagents are also called reductants

Front 31

Fe2+ (iron) transports _________

Back 31

oxygen

Front 32

Mg2+ (Magnesium) for _________ & _________ function

Back 32

muscle & nerve

Front 33

K+ (Potassium) transmission of _______ _________ & _________ __________

Back 33

nerve impulses & muscle function

Front 34

Ca2+ (Calcium) formation of _________ and _______

Back 34

bone and teeth

Front 35

Na+ (Sodium) for ________ __________

Back 35

Nerve transmission

Front 36

3 forms of water

Back 36

1. Solid- ice2. Liquid- water3. Gas- steam

Front 37

3 Special properties of water

Back 37

1. Solvent2. Cohesion3. Stabilises temperature

Front 38

Hydrolysis reaction

Back 38

- Water split - Water used to break bond

Front 39

Condensation/ Dehydration reaction

Back 39

- Combining of 2 or more molecules with the loss of water- water is released

Front 40

Covalent bonds need...

Back 40

a lot of energy to be broken

Front 41

Hydrocarbons are long chains of...

Back 41

carbon and hydrogen

Front 42

Hydrocarbons are ________ in water

Back 42

insoluble

Front 43

Isomers have the same ________ _________ but different _________ formula

Back 43

molecular formula, structural

Front 44

The two types of isomerism:

Back 44

1. Structural isomerism2. Stereoisomerism

Front 45

Structural isomerism

Back 45

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

Front 46

Stereoisomerism

Back 46

Same molecular formula but atoms occupy different positions in space

Front 47

Three types of structural isomerism:

Back 47

1. Chain isomerism2. Position isomerism3. Functional group isomerism

Front 48

what is being shown here?

Back 48

Chain isomerism

Front 49

what is being shown here?

Back 49

Position isomerism

Front 50

what is being shown here?

Back 50

Functional group isomerism

Front 51

Two types of stereoisomerism

Back 51

1. Geometrical isomerism

2. Optical isomerism

Front 52

Geometrical isomerism occurs due to...

Back 52

restricted rotation of c=c double bonds

Front 53

Optical isomerism occurs due to...

Back 53

molecules having a chiral centre

Front 54

what is being shown here?

Back 54

Optical isomerism

Front 55

Science

Back 55

derived from a latin term 'scientia' meaning knowledge

Front 56

Taxonomy

Back 56

Science of organising organisms into groups (also known as systematics)

Front 57

Classification order:(King prawn curry, or fat greasy sausage?)

Back 57

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 58

Chordata characteristics

Back 58

stiff rod/ notochord running along the body

Front 59

Vertebrata characteristics

Back 59

Notochord is replaced by a true backbone

Front 60

Notochord

Back 60

Cartilaginous skeletal rod

Front 61

Mammalia characteristics

Back 61

Possesses fur/hair, female produces milk

Front 62

Carnivora characteristics

Back 62

Predators with teeth developed with a meat diet (Mainly canines)

Front 63

Canidae characteristics

Back 63

(Dogs) Non-retractile claws and 'long' skulls

Front 64

Canis

Back 64

Wolves and dogs

Front 65

Canis familiaris

Back 65

all domestic dogs

Front 66

Darwin vs Creationism (3 lines of evidence)

Back 66

1. The Earth is ancient and has experienced long-term climate change. 2. ‘Life’ is ancient and also shows evidence of long-term change. 3. These changes to ‘Life’ are coincident with those to climate and very slow.

Front 67

Darwin & evolutionary changes

Back 67

1. are inherited via sexual reproduction2. have an immediate (‘adaptive’) advantage3. are random as opposed to ‘driven’ or ‘directed’.

Front 68

adaptive

Back 68

an organism with a natural advantage

Front 69

character

Back 69

single structural/ behavioural feature of an organism

Front 70

Creationism

Back 70

belief that the universe is a product of Divine purpose

Front 71

Deleterious

Back 71

a natural disadvantage of an organism

Front 72

(Bio) diversity

Back 72

Range of species present in a location or globally

Front 73

Extant

Back 73

Alive today (but may also be represented in a fossil record)

Front 74

Extinct

Back 74

No longer alive but evidence present in a fossil record

Front 75

Immutable

Back 75

unchanged throughout the passage of time

Front 76

Modern synthesis

Back 76

development of Darwinian evolution

Front 77

Speciation

Back 77

Evolution of a new species

Front 78

Transitional fossil

Back 78

Fossil possessing characters typical of two major modern taxa

Front 79

Taxa (sing. taxon)

Back 79

Group of organisms sharing a set of diagnostic characteristics