Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Metabolism
|
chemical processes within a living organism in order to maintain life
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
breaking down
|
|
|
Anabolism
|
building up
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
tendency of a system towards equilibrium regulated by physiological processes
|
|
|
Characteristics of living organisms
|
one or more cells
genetic information reproduction have evolved regulate internal environment respond to environment able to grow convert environmental molecules into new biological molecules |
|
|
What is life?
|
ordered self replicating dynamic chemical reactions in equilibrium interacting with environmental materials and energy
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
prokaryotic family
|
|
|
Archae
|
prokaryotic family
|
|
|
Eukaryota
|
eukaryotic family
|
|
|
Biomimicry
|
industrial/technological design inspired by nature
|
|
|
Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek
|
microscope and cells
|
|
|
Examples of homeostasis
|
regulation of body temperature
regulation of body salinity |
|
|
Prokaryotes
|
no nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles one circular chromosome binary fission small no endocytosis |
|
|
Eukaryotes
|
nucleus
has membrane-bound organelles multiple linear chromosomes mitosis large endocytosis common |
|
|
Turgor pressure
|
pressure of the central vacuole against cell wall to maintain rigidity
|
|
|
Internal compartmentalization
|
separate specialized reactions from rest of cell
|
|
|
Hypertonic
|
higher concentration of solute
|
|
|
Hypotonic
|
lower concentration of solute
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
taking material into the cell by wrapping around it
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
expelling material from a cell through the cell membrane
|
|
|
Neurons
|
longest cell and cannot divide
|
|
|
Mitochondrial & Chloroplast DNA
|
originates from organisms engulfed by the cell and made into organelles
|
|
|
Tenants of cell theory
|
all living things are made of cells
cell = structural/functional unit come from preexisting cells by division contain hereditary information same chemical composition energy flow of life occurs in cells |
|
|
Endosymbiosis
|
symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the other
|
|
|
Facts about Prokaryotes:
|
5 x 10^30 bacteria on earth
bodies are 10 trillion cells, 100 trillion bacteria living in us |
|
|
Common cell features:
|
cell membrane
DNA ribosomes cytoplasm 500 genes shared between all three domains |
|
|
Ionic concentrations are...
|
maintained against the gradient by pumps at the expense of energy
|
|
|
Cell membrane
|
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecule heads and tails |
|
|
What goes through the cell membrane?
|
small nonpolar molecules like oxygen and nitrogen pass through easily
large and polar molecules use transport proteins and sometimes active transport |
|
|
Functions of transmembrane proteins:
|
transport
intercellular joining enzymatic activity cell to cell recognition signal transduction attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
determines structure and movement
made of highly organized protein fibers actin movement structure and contractual ring tubulin microtubules and structure |
|
|
Nucleus
|
where DNA is stored and transcription happens
|
|
|
Nucleolus
|
makes ribosomes
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
site of aerobic respiration resulting in synthesis of ATP
inner and outer membrane |
|
|
Chloroplast
|
site of photosynthesis
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
|
smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids
rough ER has ribosomes and makes proteins and more membrane |
|
|
Ribosomes
|
synthesize proteins
made of protein and rRNA |
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
post office of cell
receives, tags, and releases molecules |
|
|
Lysosomes
|
contain litic enzymes that digest/destroy stuff
|
|
|
Why have organelles?
|
to sequester harmful molecules
to concentrate reactants allow assembly of enzymes close together |
|
|
Apoptosis
|
self-destruction of the cell when old or abberant
|
|
|
Anaerobic
|
occurring without oxygen
|
|
|
Aerobic
|
occurring with oxygen
|
|
|
Cytoplasmic streaming
|
movement of organelles within live cells
|
|
|
Resolution
|
how clearly you can tell two objects apart
long waves hard to see short waves easier to see |
|
|
Scientific method
|
observe and ask questions
develop hypothesis design experiment (remember controls) collect and interpret data explain and generalize results communicate findings |
|
|
Gram positive
|
thick cell walls consist of 80 to 90 percent peptidoglycan
stains purple with crystal violet dye |
|
|
Gram negative
|
thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell walls
outer membrane composed of lipids and proteins does not stain with crystal violet dye |
|
|
Coccus
|
spherical
|
|
|
Bacillus
|
rod-shaped
|
|
|
Spirillum
|
spiral-shaped
|
|
|
Diplo-
|
two stuck together
|
|
|
Staphylo-
|
clumped together
|
|
|
Strepto-
|
stranded together
|
|
|
Transformation
|
in prokaryotes, picking up naked DNA plasmids
|
|
|
Transduction
|
transferring DNA from one cell to another, particularly from virus to host
|
|
|
Phages
|
viruses that infect bacteria
|
|
|
Structure of bacteria:
|
DNA in single circular chromosome
may contain plasmids cell wall contains peptidoglycan sometimes has carbohydrate outer capusule |
|
|
Growth of bacteria:
|
cell division occurs about every twenty minutes
easy to mutate easy to grow for expression of cloned protein genes |
|
|
Bacteria in biotechnology?
|
can be used to mass produce protein
wanted gene is inserted into plasmid with extra tag protein vectors are DNA that control expression of the plasmid within the bacteria |
|
|
Microbial protein as reporters?
|
bacteria create bioluminescent proteins
this is used by marine animals can be cloned into plant or animal cells |
|
|
Antibiotics
|
produced by microbes
inhibit the growth of other microbes |
|
|
Modes of action - antibiotics
|
stop replication
stop transcription stop translation stop cell wall synthesis stop enzymatic activity |
|
|
Lipids
|
hydrocarbons insoluble in water because of nonpolar bonds
hydrophobic |
|
|
Types and functions of lipids:
|
fats - store energy and insulate
phospholipids - structure of cell membranes carotenoids - help plants capture light energy steroids - hormones and vitamins |
|
|
Carbohydrate
|
made of saccharides
mono- single di- two poly- many |
|
|
Types and functions of carbohydrates:
|
starch - energy storage in plants
glycogen - energy storage in animals cellulose - structural in plants chitin - structural in arthropods peptidoglycans - bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Protein
|
polymer of amino acid
large polypeptides |
|
|
Amino acid
|
twenty found in proteins
differ only in the R group joined with peptide bonds to create polypeptides polymerization requires energy |
|
|
Structure of protein:
|
primary - sequence of amino acids
secondary - alpha helices and beta sheets tertiary - 3D folding quaternary - multiple tertiary together |
|
|
Types of protein:
|
structural
storage transport hormonal receptor contractile defensive enzymatic |
|
|
Nucleic acid
|
polymer of nucleotide
nitrogen base + phosphate + sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) |
|
|
Prions
|
misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to be misfolded
|
|
|
What denatures an enzyme?
|
temperature
pH salinity |
|
|
Enzymes
|
are specific
active sites where molecules connect reusable lower the reaction's activation energy |
|
|
Condensation vs. Hydrolysis
|
joins two molecules and releases water
splits one molecule with addition of water |
|
|
First macromolecule?
|
RNA - able to catalyze reactions and encode genetic information
|
|
|
DNA bases are...
|
discovered by Watson Crick & Franklin
purine-pyrimidine paired Adenine |
|
|
Functions of RNA:
|
mRNA - message for protein synthesis from nucleus to cytoplasm
tRNA - adapter molecule integral part of ribosomes is genetic material in retroviruses can have catalytic activity controls gene expression |
|
|
Gene facts:
|
3.2 billion base pairs in humans
1.2% code for protein |
|
|
Codons
|
20 amino acids specified by 1 or more 3-base codons
3 stop codons - UAA, UAG, UGA |
|
|
Central Dogma:
|
DNA -> RNA -> protein
transcription to translation exception - reverse transcription occurs in retroviruses |
|
|
Types of RNA:
|
mRNA - messenger
tRNA - transfer rRNA - ribosomal |
|
|
Transcription
|
DNA to mRNA
starts at the promoter, upstream of start codon can happen simultaneously with translation in prokaryotes |
|
|
Haploid
|
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
|
|
|
Diploid
|
having two complete sets of chromosomes
|
|
|
Chromosomes in normal and sex cells:
|
46 chromosomes in normal haploid cells
23 chromosomes in diploid sex cells |
|
|
Centromere
|
point where chromosome is attached to spindle fiber during division
|
|
|
Chromatids
|
two strands chromosomes split into during division
|
|
|
Telomeres
|
ends of chromosomes made up of repeating non coding sequences of bases
|
|
|
Direction of new DNA growth:
|
in the 5' to 3' direction (opposite of the old DNA strand)
|
|
|
Helicase
|
unwinds DNA
|
|
|
Topoisomerase
|
releases supercoiling by nicking DNA strand
|
|
|
Binding protein
|
prevents DNA winding back up
|
|
|
Primase
|
lays down RNA primer for DNA replication
|
|
|
DNA polymerase
|
starts at RNA primer and builds new DNA strand
|
|
|
leading and lagging strands
|
continuous construction in 5' to 3' direction
discontinuous fragmented construction in 5' to 3' direction |
|
|
Okazaki fragments:
|
fragments of DNA between RNA primer on the lagging strand
|
|
|
RNase
|
removes RMA primer
|
|
|
DNA ligase
|
closes gaps in sugar phosphate backbone
|
|
|
Why telomeres?
|
chromosomes get shorter with each division because end RNA primer cannot be filled in
in prokaryotes hairpin loops provide primer for filling in ends |
|
|
Telomerase
|
catalyzes the addition of lost telomere sequence
can be found in some cancerous cells |
|
|
RNA polymerase
|
binds to promoter
unwinds and rewinds DNA holds DNA and RNA strands catalyzes addition of ribonucleotides to RNA strand |
