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134 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What are the characteristics of Pre-Modern Societies and Pre-Modern Western Worldviews?
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1. Overwhelmingly Rural
2. Predominantly Agricultural Production 3. Basically self-sufficient (people bartered for what they needed) 4. deep Gemeinshaft human relationships (deep connections between people; identity comes out of your role in community) 5. Strong belief in authorities( including supernatural ones) 6. Hierarchical Organization |
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What were the challenges to Pre-Modern Western Societies (and their worldviews)?
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1. Intercultural Exchange (crusades; new trade routes spring up)
2. Rise of towns. cities, and the Bourgeoisie(traders) -begin to establish the "city-dwellers" class who doesn't fit into the old system, but prospers 3. A shift in teh European Educational System from Monastic to Cathedral Schools -university sytems rises out of Church controversy that new knowledge is dangerous and could lead to heresy |
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What is a biblical theist's conception of God?
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They believe in a revelation based, theistic worldview in which God is transcendent and immanent. God is a personal God, the Creator, and Provider.
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What is a deist's conception of God?
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They believe in a reason based theistic worldview in which God is transcendent only. Deists view God as a remote "Clockmaker" who created the earth and is no longer present on earth. They believe god is impersonal.
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Biblical Theism view of God?
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transcendent, immanent, God is the Creator to Provider. He is a personal God with relations to humanity.
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Biblical theism view of world?
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World was created good, corrupted by sin and evil. then it was redeemed by God. It is also an open system meaning that there is divine providence and direct supernatural interaction and intervention.
World is made up of physical and spiritual dimensions. The laws of nature reflect God's inviolable moral design. |
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Biblical theism view of humanity?
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Humanity is also good and created in the image of God. However, it is corrupted by sin and redeemed by God. Humans have a theocentric purpose meaning that they are God's stewards over creation and God gives them purpose. History is linear, with overarching purpose toward a meaningful fulfillment.
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What is the modernism/naturalism view of God?
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This is a non-essential question or non-existent. the pysical/material is the only reality.
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What is the modernism/naturalism view of the world?
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It is physical/material because there is no spiritual entities/realm. It is in its normal state and autonomous. It is also a closed system and there is no divine creation or intervention. The Laws of Nature are cause and effect uniformity.
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What is the modernism/naturalism view of humanity?
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Humanity is anthropocentric meaning it is human centered. It is one part of the natural oferder and a autonomous subject of natural law an self-determination. History is also linear stream of cause and effect, so humans have no overarching purpose.
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What are two points of agreement between the Christian Faith(biblical theism) and postmodernism?
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Rejection of philosophical naturalsim and the reluctance to accept Reason as the sole epistemology. Distrust of knowledge as always good and benevolent.
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What are the four pathways to the modern world?
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1. The Rise of the Universities
2. The Renaissance 3. The Reformations 4. The "New" Science |
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What is the significance of the rise of the universities?
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-led to the modern world as more and more people became educated and multiple realities began to be accepted as opposed to just basing truth off of science.
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What is the significance of the Renaissance?
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People became interested in content of aristotle and plato. they believed that humans were capable on their own, and they learned that things will change and have not been the same way since the beginning of time.
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What is the significance of the Reformations?
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It led to an explosion of different groups who all thought that they had the Truth. It caused a century of religious war.
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What is the significance of new science?
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It led to the challenge of authorities such as the pope and intellectual figures like Aristotle. It caused people to decide that things must be doubted until proven by science. It was a science that is universal for all, so we won't kill each other over science.
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What is a postmodernist's conception of God?
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They believe that one's conception of God depends on thier religion or the point of view. There is no absolute God. It is all relative.
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What is biblical theism?
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This is a revelation-based theistic worldview
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What is Modernism/ Naturalism?
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This is strictly a reason-based worldview with no god.
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What are the Five tenents of Liberal Theology?
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1. The Bible as a human text
2. Pure benevolent goodness of God 3. Basic goodness of humanity 4. Saving example of Jesus: moral 5. Christianity as one aspect of God's truth. |
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What are the five tenents of fundamentalist theology?
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1. Inerrancy of the Bible
2. Virgin Birth and deity of Christ 3. Substitutionary atonement 4. Christ's physical resurrection 5. Miracles are real |
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Explain charismatic theology.
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Believes that miracles and supernatural workings are still valid today. Charismatic theology puts a focus on the trinity and stems form the Pentecostal and Catholic Historical Church. Rev. Dennis Bennet addressed the baptismal experience and Francuis McNutt emphasized healing of experienced.
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What is cessationist theology?
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This theology believes that spiritual gifts seen in the NT ceased to exist after the time of the apostles and when they were written in text they believe that the spiritual gifts simply confirm the apostolic authority. The supernatural gifts are not customary, but periodic.
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What are two points of disagreement between postmodernists and the Christrian Faith?
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Rejection of the meta-narrative and the rejection of relativism.
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What is deism?
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A reason-based theistic worldview
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What is deism's view of the world?
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It is primarily physical which is separated from the spiritual. It is in its normal created state and is a closed system. The laws of nature reflect God's inviolable physical design(there are no miracles).
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What is the nature of humanity for deism?
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they have a modified theocentric perspective. Humans are created equal by God with unalienable rights. they are in their natural created state and are subject to God's "laws of nature". History is linear with the course of cosmos determined at creation.
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How do biblical theists know about God?
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Revelation from God and Reason (empiricism)
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How do Deists know about God/
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Reason and empirical evidence
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How do Naturalist know about God?
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No God to consider, so science is the replacement of faith
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How do biblical theists know about the world?
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Revelation and Reason. Faith is the basis of truth. Science is the servant of faith. Science confirms revelation of Scriptures.
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How do biblical theists know about humanity?
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Revelation and Reason
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How does a deist know about God?
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reason and empirical evidence
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How does a deist know about the world?
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Reason/empirical evidence. doubt is the basis of truth. Science as the master of faith. Science requires a revision of the Sriptures.
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How does a deist know about humanity?
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Reason/empirical evidence.
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How does a naturalist know about God?
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No god to consider. Science as the replacement of faith.
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How does a naturalist know about the world?
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Reason/empiricism: science. Scientific verification as basis of truth. Science as the replacement of faith. Science requires a rejection of the scriptures.
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How does a naturalist know about humanity?
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Reason/empiricism: science.
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How should a biblical theist act in response to God?
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Glorify god and enjoy him forever. Respond in love, obedience, and praise. Stewards of earth: fulfill God's purposes on earth.
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Biblical theism: response to world?
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Divinely ordained stewardship. It is in partnership with God's plan and purposes.
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Biblical theism: response to humanity?
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Ethical virtues are univeral and revealed by scriptures.
Govern personal and corporate actions according to the revealed ethical mandates of scripture. |
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Deism: response to God?
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cannot respon directly to God. Live according to created order as found in God's natural laws.
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Deism: response to the world?
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Seek to understand the world in its normal state.
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Deism: response to humanity?
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Ethical virtues are universal and revealed in natural created order. Follow God's natural laws as moral, ethical guide. Jesus' ethical teachings area n expression of God's natural ethicial law.
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Naturalism: response to God?
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no God to which one can respond
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Naturalism: response to the world?
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Seek objective fact through scientific investigation. Control and alter conditions of natural environment.
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Naturalism: response to humanity?
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Ethical values determined by humans and are relative. Ethics are personala and chosen.
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10 ways modern worldview assumptions influence the western church and culture.
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1. Positive scientific advancement. 2. Split between sacred and secular. 3. Questions of how change to questions of why. 4. widened gap between heave and earth.
5. changes the way we view the bible (divine or human text) 6. changes the way we approach the bible 7. changes the way we read and understand the bible. 8. changes the way we apply the bible 9. changes the way we view God 10. changes the way we approach God. |
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What was the result of deistic rationalism?
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abandonment of orthodox chrisitan worldview.
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What was the result of thiestic rationalism?
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need to experience God (experimental religion. Increased stress on spiritual revival in church and personal regeneration in Christ.
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What is the Great Awakening?
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The beginning of the Evangelical movement.
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Characteristics of the Evangelical movement?
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1. Biblicist (bible centered)
2. Crucicentrist (cross centered) 3. Conversionist (response to Christ's death and resurrection) 4. Activist (evangelism and missions) |
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What was Johnathan Edwards?
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The mastermind- the primary theologian and philosopher fo the Revival
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What was Johnathan Edwards theological position?
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True religion primarily rooted in the affections not Reason
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What was Jonathan Edwards thological influences?
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Followed 'Reformed" theology of Calvin and Refined theology by the spirituality of the Puritans.
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What were Johnanthan Edwards philoshical influences?
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Followed John Locke's empirical (experimental) approach. He stressed the importance of experience.
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What are Jonanthan Edwards' platforms?
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1. The pastorate --rhetorical arguments, intellecuctual appeal to emotions, revival that caused 300 conversions
2. The Pen --theology, 'Freedom of the Will' |
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What is Jonathan Edwards' enduring legacy?
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1. Reframes Reformed theology of Calvin for Enlightened ears
2. Advances American Philosophy 3. Provides an apologetic for spiritual reival and 'Evangelical' movement |
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Who was John Wesley?
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The Mechanic- primary organizer of the Great Awakening. He is also the founder of the Methodist Church.
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What was John Wesley's theology?
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1. Christian faith is of mind and heart.
2. Theological Tenets: Arminianism "free will" 3. Wesleyan Quadrilateral: -Christian faith is: revealed in scripture, illuminated by tradition, vivified by experience, confirmed by reason. |
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What were John Wesley's main platforms?
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1. The saddel --rejected in pulpits. used open air preaching of conversion. itinerate preaching - 'circuit riders' system (bible riders)
2. Societies -- used small groups or organized discipleship which were led by lay people (sung, prayed, and all spoke freely about the state of their souls) |
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What is John Wesley's enduring legacy?
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Conversionist emphasis and small group models. Also new hymnody.
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Who was George Whitefield?
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The Mouthpiece -- primary preacher fo the Great Awakening. (Father of Modern Evangelicalism)
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George Whitefield's backround?
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-younger member of Oxford Holy Club
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George Whitefield's platforms?
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1. the pulpit -- 'Divine Dramatist'. Appeal to emotions, dramatic imagery, use of gestures and voice inflection
2. Public relations -- print media used for narratives, periodicals, personal journals, etc. |
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George Whitefield's theology?
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Controversial message. He was a conversionist like Wesley, but used personal experience and enthusiasm. He became Calvanist like Edwards and was also an Anglican Priest.
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What was George Whitefield's role in the Great Awakening?
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He was the 'Lightning Rod and also the human super glue fo revivals'
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What is George Whitefield's enduring legacy?
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1. New innovative preaching style
2. Appeal to emotions 3. Use of Media to promote revival 4. Father of modern evangelism |
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What is modern science?
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The systematic observation of physical objects in motion (material) to derive general principles.
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What are the metaphysical presuppositions?
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1. Objectivity -- there is a real universe to study
2. Accessibility -- this world is something I can observe through my senses 3. Regularity -- patterns in nature are repeatable 4. Rationality -- there's a logic to the observation and converting it to mathematical equations. |
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What is the Greek Worldview?
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1. Pantheistic
2. Terrestrial (world of decay and imperfection) and celestial regions (heavenly realm, perfect) 3. Operates by necessity (eternal cosmos and unending cycles) |
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How did the Christian worldview lead to the development of Science?
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1. one almighty being created it all (objectivity)
2. Universe is good and worthy of study (accessibility) 3. Events in the universe are no longer necessarily cyclical. Need for careful observation 4. Events are predictable/ rule governed (regularity) 5. Events can be described mathematically (rationality) |
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How is science built upon Christian foundations?
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1. The reality and goodness of creation provide a basis and motivation for experimental science.
2. The order and intelligibility of nature are essential for theoretical science. 3. The purpose and meaning of creation encourage the development of applied science. |
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What was the paradigm shift after the Enlightenment worldview shift?
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Reason eclipses revelation. How we know influences what we believe about God, the world, and humanity.
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What was the cultural impact of the paradigm shift on the Church?
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Naturalistic WV impacts the church. Scripture (revelation) under scruitiny of Science (reason). Deepens Protestant insecurities and Provokes the quesitons: Does God speak and does he interact(supernatural)?
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What was the problem with liberal theology?
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Christian wv risks becoming irrelevant to modern culture.
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What was the solution for liberal theology?
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1. Accomodation of Christ of Culture: Modernized Gospel and adapted and revised the message.
2. The Development of Higher criticism: critical study of the Bible: scientific method applied to the Bible |
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What was the Goal of developing a high criticism by the liberals?
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1. Interpret the Bible free from doctrine or confessional theology.
This led to a new understanding of the nature adn teaching of the Bible. |
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What was the problem with conservative(fundamentalist) theology?
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Threatens the existence of Protestantism. A sell-out of true Christian faith. Not christianity, but atheism.
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What was the solution to fundamentalist theology?
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defend the bible against attacks from liberal/modernist theologians.
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What were the 2 new conservative doctrines?
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1. Inerrancy doctrine --the text of orginal manuscript, as inspired by God, is free from errors in all matters including science and history.
2. Verbal inspiration -- every word inspired by God. |
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What was the scopes monkey trial?
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A trial between John Scopes adn the "Butler Bill". It debated whether or not the teacher should be fined for teaching evolution in the classroom even though it is illegal.
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What was the impact of the scopes monkey trial?
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For Protestants is furthered theological fragmentation. There was a loss of clear theological consensus and voice. Divisive rhetoric.
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How is consumerism connected to a naturalistic worldview, and how can consumerism compromise the faith practices of the North American christians?
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Consumersim is the theory that a continual increase in the consumption of goods is sound economically.
1. A naturalist logically has no basis for right and wrong in their life becuase there is no purpose to serve. Thus, they seek happiness and fulfillment in worldly things. 2. This leads to consumerism which is a huge challenge for N. American Christians. 3. Some Christians see biblical evidence to refrain from consumerism while others see evidence that shows materialism is simply a blessing. 4. christ of culture Christians see material things as blessings and Christ against Culture sees the pursuit of happiness as evil. Christ transforming Culture Christians think things can be used for good while Christ and Culture in Paradox sees them as irrelevant. |
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Explain 2 possible ways Christians might understand their relationship to political culture.
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1. Christ of culture Christians may see themselves as citizens with regard to political culture. They may feel that they have full participation in culture with full obligations in it. They have complete loyalty to the culture.
2. Christ against culture Christains see themselves as sojourners with regard to political culture. They feel they have some basic participation with culture and some basic obligations. Their loyalty certainly lies elsewhere. |
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What is a potential problem between christianity and politics?
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The boundaries become blurred and politcs and religion are too close to each other. This causes problems.
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What is the result of Christianity and politics?
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Church's action is not rendered independent of politics.
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What is the concept of citizens?
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1. Most desired status
2. Full member of that culture 3. gain full privileges 4. responsible for all obligations 5. ultimate loyalty given to the citizen's own land |
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What is the concept of resident aliens?
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1. Entitled to some privileges (public services)
2. Responsible for some obligations (pay taxes, keep workplace safe) 3. Ultimate loyalty probably lies elsewhere |
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What is the concept of sojourners?
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1. Visiting/traveling through
2. entitled to basic privileges (free to travel) 3. responsible for basic obligations(obey the speed limit) 4. ultimate loyalty definitely lies elsewhere |
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How do Christians relate to the concept of residency?
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1. Like citizens, christians might very closely identify with political culture (Christ of Culture)
2. Like residen aliens, might participate in activities of culture, but hey will not participate when it contradicts their faith. (Christ above culture and Christ and Culture in Paradox) 3. Like sojourners, some Christians believe their faith will not allow them to connect very closely at all with the political culture. (Christ against Culture) |
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What is the success syndrome?
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The belief that if people are sick or poor then they must not trust God or have good faith.
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What are the limits of empathy?
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We shouldn't give money to poor people because they will abuse it or drink it up.
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What are the democratic paradoxes?
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1. We haven't recognized that there has been a greater focus on Christianity.
2. Will we still support democracy when we are the minority and we lose? |
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What is the curse fo the familiar?
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1. wrong to call Marx a power mad dictation
2. the reason capitalism works is because humanity is fallen 3. communism forces us to be othersome and generous |
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What is the danger of church, state, and patriotism?
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danger that political issues can become religious issues.
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What are the artificial choices?
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1. either or categories to seperate the good from the bad
2. we end up believing that either or catergories are true. |
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What is the role of the ambassador?
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1. Serves in a foreign land at the request of her leader and as a full citizen of her own land.
2. is charged with representing the interest of her leader clearly and consistently. 3. loyalty to her leader may not always be appreciated by those in whose land she serves. 4. Seeks to develop and maintain good relationships with those in whose land she serves, but does not have the authority to alter her leader's interests to save those relationships |
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What is naturalism?
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the physical matter of the world is the most important
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What is rationalism?
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Reason the best to understand the world
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What is universal truth?
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there is ultimate truth somewhere
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What is pure objectivity?
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It is a tool. Used to stand back and observe.
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What is progress?
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Highly optimistic view that science will lead us to know more and more.
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What is globalization?
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One universal reality vs. many realities inhabit the globe
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What is pluralism?
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acceptance of many forms of truth
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What is relativism?
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all claims to truth are valid
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Postmodernism: nature of God?
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depends on particular religion
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Postmodernism: nature of the world?
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-complex collection of systems
-open systems -dynamic -chaotic processes |
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Postmodernism: nature of humanity?
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1. no one 'human nature'
2. understand of human nature varies according to culture 3. part of a particular culture 4. subjective, relative 'participant' in the world 5. world (humanity) is a history |
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Postmodernism: how do we know about God?
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1. determined by personal experience and cultural influence
2. faith informs understanding |
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Postmodernism: how do we know about the world?
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1. innate and intuitive faculties as well as reason.
2. limited objectivity 3. no universal truth; conflicting truths exist side by side 4. science replaced by shifting areas of inquiry |
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Postmodernism: how do we know about humanity?
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1. No meta-narrative about human nature; rather, multiple, equally valid narratives.
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Postmodernism: how should we act in response to God?
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1. Influenced by personal experience and culture.
2. There are many ways to God. |
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Postmodernism: how should we act in response to the world?
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1. End of science
2. accept pluralism of "multiple local realities" 3. Ask "what does the theory do? What is the outcome?" |
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Postmodernism: how should we act in response to humanity?
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1. Ethical values vary according to culture
2. diversity is valued 3. there is not universal ethic |
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What is the mechanistic view of the universe?
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Things run by the laws of nature.
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What is deism in terms of influence?
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A reasonable religion. If you can't use your senses or rational mind then it can't be true. Miracles are lost. It emphasized God, but not salvation cuz he left the universe to humans.
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What was the philosophers influence?
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They begin to apply this system of thnking into all parts of life. (govt., etc.)
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Consequences of the enlightenment?
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1. tremendous advancements in science and technology
2. entirely new fields of human inquiry (sociology, political science, etc.) 3. optimism regarding the human future 4. environmental determinism 5. naturalistic redcuctionism -all human thought/ activity the result of material causes -higher critcism of Bible |
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What was the challenge fo the new way of thinking of the Enlightenment?
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1. In pre-modern experineces, True knowledge comes from wisdom of respected authorities, personal experience, and common sense. Key role is authority.
2. In modern societies true knowledge comes from personal experience and personal rational thinking about that experience. Key role of empiricism. |
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What are the 3 European assumptions?
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1. Africans were not religious people. (everything they do its religious)
2. The misunderstanding of traditional African life. (They give thanks during everything they do.) 3. Lack of language skills. (Europeans could not speak African languages and there was a lack of accurate African metaphors) |
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What is African traditional religion?
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Its a way of life.
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Characteristics of African Traditional Religion?
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It cannot be practiced by an individual.
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Maasai Society Organization?
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Elders are at the top, but christianity made African women second class.
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Understanding of Enkai?
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God is the creator of everything.
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Sacrifice?
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Africans sacrifice their best cow or lambs because that is what gives them status, so they trust that the Lord will provide.
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What is adaptation?
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This is the process of clothing Christianity in American and European cultures and worldviews.
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Advantages of adaptation?
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1. Uniformity of tradition and theology
2. Avoids syncretism which is the attempt to blend and reconcile various religions. |
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Disadvantages to adaptation?
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1. No regard for the traditional religion
2. Western culture is superior to African culture 3. Has a big disregard fo rthe supernatural, and for Africans, everything that happens has a spiritual reason. |
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What is contextualization?
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The attempt to communicate the gospel in word and deed so that we can express ourselves in a way that correctly matches the receptors language and worldview.
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What does contextualization mean?
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Communicating well enough in a culture other than your own. Presenting the gospel in a timely, appropriate manner. Taking action. Accepting foreign customs as viable carriers of the gospel message.
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Contextualization is NOT?
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1. does not mean one culture is better than the other
2. does not mean that we have syncretistic idea |
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What is the function of contextualization?
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Trying to bring the gospel home using metaphors that apply to the people
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What is the proper response to contextualiztion?
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Translation and Interpretation- translating the message in ways that apply to the culture.
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