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Fragmentation
Fevers urbanized species that can persist in small patches and highly mobile species such as Birds
Urban exploiters
Increase with urbanization and exploit new and altered environments both native and non-native serve to homogenize BC's and cities
Urban adapters
Can benefit from urbanization if sufficient native habitat remains. Generalist, able to live in small patches and or adapt to altered environments, also abundant and non urban areas
Novel features of urban environments
He Island, pollutants, 24-hour light, noise, disturbance, habitat isolation and fragmentation Predators such as cars and
Avoiders
Specialist, avoiders of disturbance noise and light common on social behavior, require large or specialized habitats, competitors for the top of the pyramid
Diversity of species increases ecosystem resiliency
Multiple species, rules performing ecological functions. Loss of one species isn't disasterous
Diversity of genotypes and phenotypes within a species
Increases species resiliency
Diversity of ecological functions
Increase ecological resiliency
Urbanization affect evolution of species
Urban habitat fragmentation and isolation can drive evolutionary changes. Genetic drift increase by habitat isolation gene flow decreased by habitat isolation
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