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Lexis
Vocabulary - Including less formal and colloquial/slang expressions.
Phatic expressions - phrases generally only found in speech e.g. 'hi', 'hiya', 'ok'.
Deictic expressions
Expressions that cannot be understood unless the context of the utterance is known e.g. pronouns.
Grammar
Interrupted constructions - one construction is abandoned in favour of another. (also known as false starts)
Disjointed constructions - which would not be found in writing.
Incomplete constructions - occur in conversation but are also a particular feature of sports commentaries
Non-standard grammar - reflects the informality of speech.
Non-fluency features
Fillers - utterances that have little meaning but are inserted into everyday speech.
Filled pauses - hesitations such as 'um' or 'er'.
Repetitions
False starts
Turn taking
Listeners have cues indicating that they wish to speak:
Increase in body tension
Leaning forward
Rapid head nodding indicating impatience
Topic shift, shifters and loops
Topic shifts - a change of topic
Topic shifters - words or phrases that change topic
Topic loops - when a conversation returns to an earlier topic.
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