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Biological; Genetic; Jacobs XYY Study
Description:
- Men with an extra chromosome are hyper-masculinised and more likely to be aggressive
- Jacob found that XYY sufferers were over represented in prisons. 15/1000 sufferers in prison population & 1/1000 in general public.
- However, these offender usually commited non-violent crimes as opposed to violent as the theory suggested
- Relation between XYY & learning difficulties
Evaluation:
S- Support from fact that criminal behaviour can be passed through genetics (Alder et al)
W- Can't explain all types of crime
GS- Support argument for bio determinism
GW- Ignores role of environment
Twin & Adoption Studies
- Di/Monozygotic = non/identical
- MZ higher concordance rate than DZ
- Lange (1930): 13 MZ 59% 17 DZ 12%
- 14,000+ adoptoon in Demark
- A lot of adopted boys had biological parents with convictions
- Show similar traits despite being in a different environment to parents
S- Twins are good ways of studying genetics & Adoptions take away influence of nurture
W- MZ more likely to share environment & criminal convictions may not be best measure of aggression
Physiological; Lombroso
- Criminals were described as a different species & a primitive throwback.
- Atavistic features (large jaws, twisted nose, receding chins, etc.
- Physical head shape determined 'born criminal'.
S- Brought science to study of criminality
W- Didn't pay attention to non-prisoners
GS- Support for bio determinism
GW- Ignores environmental factors
Sheldon
- Somatotype:
ecto = introverted & restrained
endo = sociable & relaxed
meso = adventurous & aggressive
- Mesomorphs are most likely to commit crime
- 4000 photos of college students & delinquents
S- Support from Glueck & Glueck; 60% of delinquents were mesomorphs
W- Only studied male form; ignores female body type
Phineas Gage & Serotonin
- Phineas Gage was a railway worker which experienced an explosion causing a tamping iron rod to be driven through his skull destroying much of the left frontal lobe.
- Survived but personality changed to be more aggressive and "no longer Gage"
- Serotonin is a neurotrasmitter for happiness meaning low levels can lead to impulsive agression & criminal behaviour
- Low levels remove calming inhibitoray effect that high levels give (certain things can increase serotonin levels; steroids/high testosterone levels decrease it)
Individualiatic; Learning; Bandura
- Social learning theory suggest behaviour is learnt through observing role models
- If we observe behaviour being positively/negatively re-inforced, we are more/less likely to imitate it
- Bandura et al investigated this with the 'bobo doll'
S- Support from Williams (1986); examined children's aggression levels before & after tvs were introduced to an isolated community
W- Doesn't explain why many commit crimes eventhough they see others being punished
GS- Number of factors taken into account that biological theories dont like environment
GW- Ignores agrument of bio determinism
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