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Faults
discontinuities along which there is visible offset by shear displacement
Slickensides
the smooth or shinyfault surfaces themselves
slickenlines.
Slickenlines aregenerally straight, fine-scale, delicate skin-deep lines that occupy the faultsurface itself and record the direction of slip
fault zone
where the rock has been repeatedly faulted, orwhere the rock is especially weak, no single, discrete fracture or discontinuitymay be evident. What forms instead is a fault zone composed of countlesssubparallel and interconnecting closely spaced slip surfaces
shear zones
. At deepcrustal levels, where rocks tend to deform plastically under conditions of elevatedtemperature and confining pressure, shear displacement is achieved by the developmentof shear zone
microfaults
Some shear fractures can beconsidered to be microfaults, but they generally go unrecognized as suchbecause the tiny offset caused by shear cannot be easily resolved without aidof a microscope, or without the presence of fine-scale markers that record thedisplacement.
Fault Scarps
are offsets or steps in the land surface that coincide withlocations of faults
fault-line scarps
The passing of time permitsweathering and erosion to erase the original expressions of the fault offset.Fault scarps thus are gradually replaced by fault-line scarps
fault surface
Where well exposed, faults are commonly expressed by the presence of a discretefracture break or discontinuity in the rocks along a fault surface (Figure 6.8). Therocks on either side of a fault surface do not “match up.” We use the term faultsurface instead of fault plane because faults are rarely perfectly planar. Some areplanar; some are made up of planar segments of varied orientations; some aresystematically curved; and some are highly irregular
Tip Line Loop
Displacements were seen todecrease to zero from the central part of each elliptical fault surface outwardto the tip line loop, the imaginary line formed by connecting points
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