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Eluviation
Loss
Less clay than layer underneath and above or same as above, less humus, less oxides, sometimes the bulk density increases when compared to A or B horizons above and below. Soil pH will decline as a result of eluviation
Illuviation
Look at humus, salts, clay contents, fine clay contents, bulk density, and metal oxides to compare the horizons above and below to see if accumulation has occurred in the soil body as a result of water movement. soil pH can raise or lower depending on what is illuviation (rain if salts are moving, lower if suffer and humus is moving)
Leaching (depletion)
Loss of soluble soil materials from the soil solum (O, E, A, and B horizons). Materials are usually salts, metal oxides, silica, and humus if the pH is extreme. Also, soil pH will decline as leaching occurs because of the loss of basic cations.
Enrichment
Higher humus levels at soil surface, addition of salts to soil from a water table when compared to the original parent material (C horizon), addition of lime (look at pH) and fertility (Soil test levels of N,P, and K) through agro chemicals
Erosion, surface
Low surface humus levels and drastic change in humus levels with depth. soil pH is higher than normal because leaching and water influences are reduced. The bulk density is higher than normal because soil structure is not as strong. Lime is higher closer to surface in calcareous parent materials
Cumulization
Abrupt changes in gravel, sand, silt, or cry %; erratic differences in humus, pH, or other chemical properties
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