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CULTURE OF POVERTY
A separate, lower class culture characterized by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions, that is passed from one generation to the next.
-Response to structural conditions
-Serves as a mechanism for reproducing class
-Poor are not simply lacking resources
-Poverty perpetuating value system
BLACK MIDDLE CLASS VS. UNDERCLASS
-The intersection of class and race have shaped outcomes
-Affirmative action programs only help one class of Black Americans
-One class began to develop in the 1960's, and the gains accrued by the Civil Rights era led to the emergence of a new middle class.
-Different segment of the population that occupies the lowest possible position in a class hierarchy and determined by socio-economic status - makes up about 12% of the population. Members lack the education and skills needed to function successfully in modern society.
INCOME VS. WEALTH
Income is what you earn, wealth is measured in assets (like savings or home ownership)
-Top 1% control more wealth than bottom 90%
-1/3 goes to the next 1%
-1/3 goes to next 9%
-1/3 goes to bottom 90%
-Bottom 45% have no assets or are in debt, next 45% own homes and have some savings, top 10% are investors
Family income: total earnings in place of residence
IMMIGRANTS & ENTERING LABOR MARKETS
Four types of labor markets:
1. Primary: skills and credentials in high demand become professionals quickly (Asian, Filipino, Hong Kong, Korean)
2. Secondary: limited skills and credentials settle for low wage jobs with little security (Latin, African, and Mexican American)
3. Middleman minorities: mobilize ethnic solidarity to operate small businesses (Jewish, Lebanese, Chinese, Korean)
4. Ethnic enclave: creation of ethnic labor market (owners/workers) in metropolitan areas (Ex: Cubans in Miami)
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