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Irenaeus
*Evil existed as a result of an omnibenevolent God wanting his creating to develop + become spiritually perfect
*Interpretation (not literal - unlike Augustine)
Vale of soul-making
*Humans created imperfect so we could develop into God's image
*Evil all we us to learn + gives value to our actions
*Soul-making = necessary development
Epistemic distance - Hick
*So we can truly have free will
*Created at am epistemic distance from God so we can seek him through our own free will
Second order goods
*Moral qualities like: compassion, courage, selflessness = 2nd order goods
*Develop as a response to suffering + help us become better
Esctalogical justification
*God as craftsman - humans should allow God to mould us into perfection by acting on faith towards God + experiencing good and bad
*Universal salvation
*Allows God's mercy to continue to next life
*2nd opportunity to accept God + Develop spiritual perfection (Hick)
CHALLENGE: concept of universal salvation is unjust
*Jesus reduced to moral example
*Human eventually reach perfection - how does this encourage good behaviour?
*End is determined by God - do we really have free will to refuse to mature? Is free will limited?
*Undermines individual quest for spiritual maturity
CHALLENGE: evil + suffering shouldn't be a tool to an all-loving God
*Hume - 'soul-making' > there's a difference between purposeful and pointless suffering
*Hurting beings = not justifiable (not love)
*Many other ways to achieve maturity
*Greater good can exist without suffering (makes Jesus' role unnecessary as evil still exists)
CHALLENGE: immensity of suffering + uneven distribution
*How does reward of spiritual perfection make up for suffering?
*Some people suffer more than others - inconsistent
*'soul-breaking' instead of 'soul-making'
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