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Empirical Method
-Info gained through direct observation/ experiment
-Instead of unfounded beliefs
-Scientific research aims for facts
-Important because people can claim anything, but answers only provided through direct testing
Objectivity
-Research shouldnt be affected by researcher expectations
-To avoid this, conditions = carefully controlled environment e.g. Lab experiment
-Lab=best means of conducting scientific research
-Can establish cause + effect relationship between IV and DV
Replicability
-A means of demonstrating validity by repeating an experiment/observation
-A similar outcome/result affirms truth of result therefore= more valid
-Especially if repeated by different researcher
-To achieve such replication, scientists much record original procedure carefully so it can be repeated exactly
Theory of Construction
-Explanations/theories must be constructed to make sense of facts
-Theory= collection of general principles thats explains observations and facts
-Such theories can help understand/ predict natural events
The Scientific Process: Induction
Induction:
-Involves reasoning from the particular to the general
-E.g observations of a natural instance, becomes a general law/ theory
-Newton's Laws based on observations he made on objects then applied this as a general rule
The Scientific Process: Deduction
Deduction:
-Involves reasoning from a general to the particular
-Starting w/ general law/ principle, then looking for instances that can confirm this
-E.g Darwin's Theory of Evolution
-Formulated theory to set out tests to observe animals in nature
-Sought evidence to prove his theory
Hypothesis Testing
-Theories are modified through process of hypothesis testing
-Essential for validity of theory to be tested
-Good theory= generate testable expectations
-If theory fails to find support, then the theory requires modification.
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