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What are Cognitive distortions?
A form of irrational thinking that allows an offender to rationalise or justify their criminal behaviours. Their perceptions no longer represent an accurate reality of what they have actually done- even though it seems like the truth to them
What is a hostile attribution bias? How does it lead to criminal behaviour?
When a person always interprets something in a negative way, for example someone smiling may be seen as being laughed at. This tends to increase levels of aggression, leading to criminal acts
What is minimalisation? How does it lead to criminal behaviour?
A cognitive distortion that reduces the consequences of the actions of an individual after committing a crime. This helps the individual come to terms with and accept their crime as it reduces their negative emotions
Evaluation of CD: hostile attribution bias
Violent offenders were more likely to perceive emotionally ambiguous faces (happy, fearful and angry at varying intensities) as angry than a control group of non-offenders. The researchers suggested that these misinterpretations of non-verbal cues lead to aggressive and impulsive behaviour
Evaluation of CD: minimalisation and sex offenders
Kennedy and GrubenSex offenders tend to downplay their behaviours, suggesting their victims behaviour contributed to them committing their crime. Even going as far as rejecting the fact that a crime was committed at all.
Evaluation of CD: application to real life
Teaching criminal young men from inner city Chicago cognitive behavioural techniques to reduce errors in decision making and judgement lead to a 44% reduction in the arrest of the sample group, compared to a control group
What is the basic outline of Kohlbergs theory of offender behaviour?
As we age, we advance in our understanding of morals, meaning more consistent and morally mature decisions. He believed that there were 3 stages to moral reasoning and came to this conclusion by studying boys and men and asking them about the reasons for their morals
What is the first level of Kohlberg's theory? At what age(s) does it roughly start?
The pre-conventional level. Starts prior to school ageIndividuals accept rules of authority figures without questioning. It's all to do with punishment and obedience- rules enforced by punishment.At the next stage, what counts as "right" is defined by the individuals needs
What is the second level of Kohlbergs theory? At what age(s) does this start?
Conventional level.Individuals conclude that conformity to social rules is desirable but not if it is out of self interest.Good boy/girl attitudes- "right" is defined by expectations of othersThe next stage is that of social order, defined by the roles and duties of each citizen within society
What is the third level of Kohlbergs theory? At what age(s) does this occur?
Post-conventional stage.Individuals move beyond unquestioning compliance of societal norms and now define morality in terms of their own abstract moral principles that are universal to all cultures/situations.Teens- social contract. Individual rights more important than the lawAdults- universal ethical principles
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