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1) well-defined
2) Ill-defined
ex. 3x=6. find x.
Ill-defined problem: Problemsin which there is uncertainty in either: the initial state, the permissibleoperations, or the final state. Because of the uncertainty, the problem spacecannot be completely specified.
ex. cook dinner, write a paper, build a career
ex. hanoi tower task.
- older children can plan sub goals and look ahead
- 6 year olds also have trouble making moves that puts them further away from reaching their ultimate goal.
Conformation bias: We tend to look for information that will confirm our beliefs vs. go against them
Second hyptohesis: If a person is driving a car, then that person must be over 16
People do better with concept based problems. Better at reasoning with realistic content. Information from experience.
- children had to predict what would come next
A) shapes varied in size, color, and shape. and movement of shapes were squares up, circles down, triangles stay. dark to right, light to left. large go from lower left to upper right, and opposite for smaller.
B) animal version presented as a video game context
- butterfly, bee, or bird
- same movement as shapes
15 blocks of 50 trials.
DV: accuracy of childs prediction
results?
Task: retrieve sticker from cylinder using two short sticks, piece of string and pipe cleaner
1 minute to solve (tool innovation)
If necessary tool was modeled and they tried again (tool manafacture).
Results: Younger children could not manafacture the tool (up to 5 years). Older children could.
Our findings suggest that children’s ability to innovate tools lags substantially behind their ability to learn about making tools from others and their causal understanding of tools.
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