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In General Heavy Metals...
1. cause enzyme inhibition
2. generate oxidative stress
3. alter gene expression
Lead sources of contamination, absorption routes, distribution
1. glass, air, soil and water (plumbing)
2. skin, GI, respiratory
3. soft tissues: liver, brain and kidneys. Stored in bones.
Lead Clinical Effects Blood
1. bound to RBC
2. induces anemia, interfere with heme synthesis ( aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase and ferrochlatase)
3. increase RBC membrane fragility and decrease survival time
Lead Clinical Effects Nervous System
most sensitive to damage
- children: lower hearing, IQ, learning and behavioral
- Adults: irritability, fatigue, sleep, libido, anorexia, slowed reaction time
-lead encephalopathy
- peripheral neuropathy: wrist drop
Lead Clinical Effects Reproductive System
- premature, small babies with decrease mental and learning ability
- miscarriage, lower gestational age
- diminished or aberrant sperm in men
Lead Clinical Effects Kidneys and GI
- fibrosis, nphr
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