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In normal personsA. parathyroid hormone raises serum calciumB. parathyroid hormone enhances bone resorptionC. in the UK dietary intake of Vitamin D usually exceeds synthesis in the skinD. calcitonin stimulates osteoclastsE. osteoporosis increases with age
True, calcium is mobilised from bone. By which cells?B. True, thus raising serum calcium levels.C. True, a normal British diet contains enough vitamin D. Which groups of patients might have an inadequate vitamin D intake and/or sunlight exposure?D. False, calcitonin inactivates osteoclasts and lowers serum calcium, hence it can be used therapeutically. In which conditions might it be useful?E. True, a basic fact you should know.
In uncomplicated healing of a tooth socketA. woven bone appears at about 1 weekB. the old lamina dura has disappeared radiographically by 7 weeksC. small sequestra are commonD. epithelialisation should be complete by 5 daysE. lamellar bone is laid down by 3 weeks
A. False, woven bone appears at about 4 weeks. Basic fact you should know. At one week the socket is still filled mostly by clot.B. False, the lamina dura may persist for years in older patients and would only be gone after 7 weeks in a young growing child.C. True, microscopically small pieces of bone and cementum are commonly displaced and remain in the socket but do not usually impair healing.D. False, you should know what a healing socket looks like at a one week recall appointment. Look more carefully at the next one you seeE. False, lamellar bone appears after woven bone, certainly not at 3 weeks and forms and remodels for months.
Which, if any, of the following are trueA. incisive canal cysts can be lined by respiratory epitheliumB. all odontogenic cysts with keratinising linings are odontogenic keratocystsC. a dentigerous cyst always contains a toothD. an odontogenic keratocyst often replaces a toothE. some fissural cysts lack an epithelial lining
A. True, all cysts in the maxilla can have part or all of the lining made of respiratory epithelium. What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium? Simple or stratified?, columnar or squamous?B. False, keratin is found in part of the wall of 15% of dental (inflammatory) cysts. This is why you must use the whole name odontogenic keratocyst to define this cyst. Some people use keratocyst to describe any cyst with a keratinising lining.C. True, by definition it contains a crown and is attached at the amelocemental junction.D. True. You should know several lesions which can replace teeth.E. False, the so called "fissural" cysts all have epithelial linings. You should be able to name at least two cysts which do not.
Which of the following are odontogenic cysts?A. Residual cystB. Lateral periodontal cystC. Nasopalatine cystD. Gingival cystE. Odontogenic keratocyst
A. True, because it is a presentation of dental cyst.B. True, because it arises from rests of Malassez.C. False, there is no odontogenic epithelium in the nasopalatine (incisive) canal.D. True, because they form from dental lamina left near the surface. What is a common name for these cysts?E. True, odontogenic keratocysts are thought to arise from rests of Serres which are odontogenic epithelium.
Which, if any, of the following are true?A. the thyroglossal cyst has no epithelial liningB. the nasolabial cyst is a fissural cystC. the epidermoid cyst may be traumatic in originD. the dental cyst nearly always has a non vital tooth associatedE. the residual cyst is an odontogenic cyst
A. False, it is lined by thyroid epithelium (the thyroid gland is epithelial like other endocrine glands).B. False, there is no fusion of epithelial covered processes on the surface of the face during development. These probably arises from the nasolacrimal duct (FDS question)C. True, if skin epithelium is implanted into deeper tissues by trauma it may proliferate and give rise to an epidermoid cyst.D. True, by definition. The exception is the residual cyst. This is basic information you must know.E. True, revise your classification of cysts. It is a type of dental cyst arising from rests of Malassez.
Dental (inflammatory) cystsA. may be diagnosed from their radiographic appearanceB. most commonly affect molarsC. often contain cholesterol cleftsD. may contain Rushton bodiesE. usually devitalise adjacent teeth
A. False, they do not have diagnostic features on radiography The key feature for diagnosis is detecting an associated non-vital tooth and epitheial lined cavity. Radiography may be suggestive, but cannot be diagnostic.B. False, they most commonly affect upper lateral incisors. You should know the reason why this is so. If not look it up or ask someone on the staff.C. True, because cholesterol clefts reflect inflammation and dental cysts are inflammatory in origin.D. True. Rushton bodies (hyaline bodies) are found in about 10% of all types of odontogenic cysts. Who was Rushton? - clue: He worked at Guy's.E. False, they arise from non-vital teeth but do not devitalise adjacent teeth even though they involve their apices.
Dentigerous cystsA. are the same as follicular cystsB. are a type of primordial cystC. occur in younger patients than inflammatory dental cystsD. histologically can be diagnosed by their characteristic liningE. may have daughter cysts in their walls
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Dentigerous cystsA. have a lining epithelium derived from the reduced enamel epitheliumB. have an epithelial lining which is parakeratinised in 50% of casesC. have a total protein content approximately equal to that in serumD. may show mucous metaplasia of the liningE. always surround the crowns of unerupted teeth
A. True, the cyst is formed by separation of the reduced enamel epithelium from the crown of the tooth. What other cysts arise by a similar process? (2 types, one for honours, two for FDS)B. False, although keratin can occur in dentigerous and dental cysts it is unusual.C. True, explain why.D. True, mucous metaplasia can occur in all odontogenic cysts and is most common in cysts in the maxilla. Can you define metaplasia?E. True. If you got this wrong learn the definition. This is a basic fact you must know.
Odontogenic keratocystsA. have a thick wallB. may recur following enucleationC. have a characteristic histological appearance which is usually diagnosticD. usually have a very high protein contentE. usually contain less than 2g/100ml soluble protein
A. False, they have thin walls which often tear easily on enucleation, one of the reasons for the high recurrence rate. What other reasons for the high recurrence rate do you know? You should know about 3 in total. B. True. Basic fact you must know. See the previous question and its explanation screen.C. True. You should be able to describe the characteristic features seen histologically. Basic information for exams.D. True. But, the protein is insoluble (it is keratin). A bit of a trick question to see if you knew that keratocysts have a low soluble protein concentration. You must ask for the right test when investigating cysts, the fact that there is a high total protein is of no help in differential diagnosis. E. True. Occasionally a useful diagnostic test.
The following are fibroosseous lesions which affect the jawsA. hyperparathyroidismB. cementifying fibromaC. Paget's diseaseD. Garre's osteomyelitis (proliferative periostitis)E. osteogenesis imperfecta
A. False, hyperparathyroidism is a giant cell lesion.B. True. Learn the list of fibroosseous lesions of the jaws.C. True. Learn the list of fibroosseous lesions of the jaws.D. False, this is a form of low grade osteomyelitis.E. False. Learn the list of fibroosseous lesions of the jaws.
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