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Review of heart anatomy
-chambers -valves: 2 AV, 2 semilunar -major vessels: aorta, pulm. trunk, vena cavae
Review of double-loop system
-one loop to pulmonary circulation (right heart) -one loop to systemic circulation (left heart)
Pathway of blood through heart
sup. & inf. vena cavae -> R atrium -> tricuspid V -> R vent. -> pulm. V -> pulm. trunk -> pulm. circulation -> L atrium -> bicuspid V -> L vent. -> aortic valve -> aorta -> systemic circ. -> sup. & inf. vena cavae
Brief version of cardiac cycle:
1) atria contract; ventricles are relaxed2) ventricles contract; atria relax3) all chambers relax
Relation of cardiac cycle to ECG
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
Phases of the cardiac cycle:1) ventricular filling
1)-ventricular diastole; ventricles are relaxed -pressure in ventricles drops, AV valves open -atria contract -ventricles fill
Phases of the cardiac cycle:
2) isovolumetric contraction
2) isovolumetric contraction -atria are relaxed -ventricles contract but do not eject blood yet (isovolumetric) -AV valves close -note; all four valves are briefly closed at same time
3) ventricular ejection
3) ventricular ejection -semilunar valves open when P inside vents. is great enough -blood ejected from ventricles -note: not all blood is ejected (about 54%) -more is ejected during exercise (as high as 90%) -a diseased heart may eject less than 50% -stroke volume = amt. of blood in ml ejected per beat
4) isovolumetric relaxation
4) isovolumetric relaxation -ventricular diastole; vents. relax -semilunar valves close -all four valves are briefly closed -vents. not yet filled, so is an isovolumetric relaxation -as soon as AV valves open, step one has begun again
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