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Upper Trapezius
A: Bilaterally it extends the head and neck. Unilaterally it laterally extends the head and neck. Elevation and upward rotation of the scapula.
P: Superficial muscle of the neck from occiput to acromion
Middle Trapezius
A: Pulls scapula medially
P: Superficially from the top of the spine of the scapula toward spinous process C6-T5
Lower Trapezius
A: Depression and upward rotation of the scapula
P: With the arms extended in front of the body, from spinous process of T5-T12 to spine of scapula
Rhomboid Major
A: Retracts and rotates scapula downward
P: Deep to trapezius between vertebral border of scapula and spinous process T2-T5
Rhomboid Minor
P: Just superior to rhomboid major. Hard to palpate.
Levator Scapulae
A: Unilaterally: elevation of scapula and laterally flex head and neck; Bilaterally: extends head and neck.
P: Anterior to the lateral border of the upper trapezius.
Pecoralis Minor
A: Forward rotation and depression of scapula
P: Move the arm forward to raise and relax the pectoralis major and palpate under it toward the clavicle.
Serratus Anterior
A: Stabilization, upward rotation, and protraction of the scapula. Holds the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage.
P: Inferior to the axilla between the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major along lateral ribs.
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