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composition of the electron transport chain
flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins (non-heme iron), cytochromes (contain heme), ubiquinone (isoprene tail that is fat soluble), copper (part of cytochrome oxidase), most components are obtained from the diet
flavoproteins
comes from riboflavin in the diet; accept electron from NADH and donate to cytochromes
iron-sulfur proteins
also called non-heme iron, iron coordination bonding with sulfur, acts as redox electron carrier (acceptor/donor)
ubiquinone
aka coenzyme Q10; contains isoprene tail (10 isoprene units); can generate free radicals; fat soluble and compatible with membranes
cytochromes
integral membrane proteins; contain heme; iron alternates between Fe+2 and Fe+3 (same as iron-sulfur proteins); bound to 2 aa (prevents oxygen binding); cytochrome oxidase also uses CU++); end step of electron transport chain
ETC multi-proteins complexes
NADH-Q reductase (complex I); succinate-Q reductase (complex II); cytochrome reductase (complex III); cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
chemiosmotic hypothesis
each complex coupled to proton pump; proton gradient contains the energy for ATP synthesis (10x higher concentration outside, greater than 10x will change energetics (blocks pumps and electron flow))
oxidative phosphorylation
oxygen consumption coupled to ATP synthesis; pressure from the proton gradient drives ATP synthase in forward direction (1. oxygen pulls electrons through the ETC 2. pumps push protons out 3. gradient pushes protons back in); ATP synthase can run backwards so it is also called mito ATPase
respiratory control
if ADP is absent ETC stops; very tight coupling between the ETC and ADP concentrations but if oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled (protons flow around ATP synthase) then ETC rate is as fast at the O2 supply; VERY IMPORTANT COMCEPT
oxidative phosphorylation poisons
oligomycin- inhibition of ATP synthase (reduced ATP/ADP); dinitrophenol (DNP)- uncouplers (reduced P/O ratio)= high energy bonds/oxygen atom, P/O ratio: NADH=3 and FADH2=2; atracytoside- inhibition of translocation (reduced ATP/ADP ratio in cytoplasm, increased ATP/ADP ratio in matrix so won't transport the ATP across the membrane); cyanide- inhibition of electron flow (like hypoxia/anoxia)
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