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What is the penumbra?
An area of low cerebral blood flow surrounding the core of ischemic damage that can be preserved if blood flow is restored in a timely manner or collateral circulation is adequate
Which major blood vessels arise from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian artery; an anatomic variant is the bovine arch, in which there are 2 brachiocephalic arteries
Where do the common carotid arteries bifurcate?
At approximately the cervical vertebral level 3 or 4
What are the main branches of the intracranial carotid artery? (3)
Ophthalmic, posterior communicating, and anterior choroidal artery (in order of occurrence)
The internal carotid artery bifurcates into?
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA)
The recurrent artery of Heubner arises from which artery?
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA); typically A2 or distal A1
The recurrent artery of Heubner supplies which structures?
Part of the head of caudate nucleus; can result in serious cognitive dysfunction because of the interconnections of the caudate head and frontal lobe
Name of a perforating branch that arise from M1?
Lateral lenticulostriates; supply the basal ganglia and internal capsule
Percentage of population that have a full circle of Willis?
30% to 35%; oftentimes, an A1 ACA (carotid terminus to anterior communicating segment), posterior communicating segment , or P1 (basilar terminus to posterior communicating segment) posterior cerebral artery (PCA) segment is missing
The vertebral arteries arise from?
Their respective subclavian arteries
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