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Anatomical planes
- median
- sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
Median -plane that is vertical, front-to-back, through the mid-line which divides the body into left and right halves.
Para-median plane - to the side of the median plane (plane dividing body into left and right halves).
Sagittal - any plane parallel to the median plane
Frontal - vertical, side-to-side plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves
Transverse - planes at right angles to the long axis of the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) regions. The transverse plane is not locked to any position - it can be placed in any height in the body
Terms of relationship
- medial
- lateral
- ulnar
- radial
- ipsilateral
- contralateral
Direction in terms of relationship to the median plane:
Medial - toward the median plane
Lateral - away from the median plane
Ulnar - side of the forearm, wrist or hand near the radius, lateral. (the arm bone on the pinky side is the ulna)
Radial - side of the forearm, wrist or hand near the radius, therefore lateral (the arm bone on the thumb side is on the thumb side)
Analogous bones in the leg:
Tibia - on the inside (Tibular, terms incorporated to indicate direction)
Fibula - on the lateral side (Fibular, on the lateral side of the leg)
Ipsilateral - on the same side of the median plane ( the left ear and eye are ipsolateral to each other)
Contralateral - on the opposite side of the median plane -(across the midline, across from each other on the median plane).
Related to the Frontal or Coronal plane:
Terms of relationship (continued)
- Anterior or ventral
- Posterior or dorsal
Anterior, ventral - in front of the frontal plane
Posterior, dorsal - behind the frontal plane
(means towards the back)
We could say the nose is more anterior than the ear, the neck is posterior to the lips.
Near the front of the hand - palmar or volar
Near the back of the hand - called dorsum
The back of the foot - we call this the plantar surface (the sole of the foot)
The top of the foot is called the dorsum of the foot
The transverse plane divides the body into superior or rostral or cranial and Inferior or caudal regions.
Direction in terms of relationship to the transverse plane:
Superior would be above the transverse plane.
Inferior would mean below the transverse plane.
Cranial means towards the skull.
Caudal means "towards the tail"
How to describe structures along the length of the arm relative to each other?
Proximal
Distal
Based on attachment points
For the arm, the attachment point is near the shoulder
Close to the attachment point, use the term proximal. Further from the attachment point is distal
The elbow is proximal in relation to the wrist
The elbow is distal in relation to the shoulder
Motions:
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- dorsiflexion - ankle, toes
- plantarflexion - ankle, toes
Flexion reduces the angle of a joint.
(the arm starts out at about 180 degrees, can flex to about 30 degrees, elbow joint)
Flexion of the fingers, wrist, neck, appendages.
Direction of flexion of the knee will be posterior, however most flexions are anterior.
Extension refers to the increasing the angle between two bones that form a joint.
The opposite of flexion is called extension.
Hyperextension is extension beyond the normal limit, which is usually pathological
Ankle motion terms
Terms of motion with regards to the foot:
We call all movements of the ankle, flexions.
The ankle can flex in an upward direction (dorsiflexion) or a downward direction (plantarflexion).
Arm motion terms
The movement of the humerus at the shoulder - raising the arm is called flexion. When flex humerus at the shoulder, it rises anteriorly. When extend the humerus, put arm back near the body.
Neck, trunk, and limbs
Abduction or adduction.
Abduction - ab for "away from" or "removed from" - can abduct the humerus (but cannot abduct the elbow). Can abduct your hip or thigh, but not the ankle - the ankle is a fixed joint, can only dorsiflex or plantarflex.
In terms of the wrist:
Abduction, away from the medial plane; moving the wrist away from the median plane of the forearm.
Can be called radial abduction (toward the radius or the thumb) or ulnar abduction (toward the ulna or the pinky)
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