term1 Definition1term2 Definition2term3 Definition3
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Unit weight (gamma)=Weight of fluid over Volume or W over V.
mass density (rho) = M over V, or mass if fluid over volume,.
specific volume = 1 over p (rho),.
pressure disturbances;
celerity= square root of Eb over p,.
Eb is equal to bulk mudulus of elasticity,
unit pressure:,
P= F over A, or force over area,.
atmospheric pressure:
Pressure atmospheric = 14.7 psi, 762mm Hg,101.3 kpa,.
Pressure absolute = Pressure gage + P atmospheric,.
P= unit weight times height of gage)
h= P over gamma h,.
hydrostatic force:,
plane surface= unit weight times h, (is center of gravity) times area,.
stress on pipe walls:
tangential stress (St)= pD over 2T,.
longitudinal stress (SL)= pd over 4T,.
wall stress (S) = pd over 4T,.
spacing of hoops (S)= 2 ST times Ah over pD,.
dams:
solving dam probles,
1. consider 1 unit or 1 meter length of dam,
2. determine all the forces acting,
•verical forces;
•weight of the dam,w1=unit weight times v1,w2= unit weight times v2 and w3= unit weight times v3,.
•also weight of water= unit weight times v4,.
force (F) = unit weight times height times Area,.
•hydrostatic uplift, U1 = unit weight time V ,u1, U2= unit weight times V ,u2, U3= unit weight times V3,.
•horizontal forces :
F = Unit weight times h times A,.
• reaction:
vertical reaction,summation forces vertical,Ry = summation forces vertical,.
Ry= W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 minus U1 minus U2,.
Rx= summation forces at horizontal,
Rx=P,.
4. moment about the toe,
Righting moment, (RM) rotation toward the upstream,
RM = W1 times X1,plus w2 times X2 plus w3 times x3 plus w4 times x4,.
OM= Py plus U1Z1 plus U2 Z2,.
5. location of Ry (x),
x= RM minus OM over RY,
factor of safety (against sliding) = u Ry over Rx (greater than 1),.
factor of safety OM,
FSo = RM over Om (greater than 1),.
foundation pressure:
for e less than B over 6:,
q= - Ry over B times (1 plus minus 6e over B ),
for e greater than B over 6:,
q= 2 Ry over 3x,
Front (Term)
Back (Definition)
Bouyancy:,
BF = Wo
BF= Unit weight times volume displaced,
WB = Unit weight times VB,.
Volume displaced over V body = S body over S liquid,.
floating bodies:,
metacentric height (MG) = M Bo plus minus G BO,
use negative if G is above BO,posive if G is below BO,.
Relative equilibrium of liquids:, tan theta= a over g,
inclined motion;
tan theta= a x over g plus minus ay,.
positive if upward acceleration,
negative if downward acceleration,
vertical motion:,
P = unit weight h times ( 1 plus a over g),
rotation:
tan theta= w squared x over 2 g,
y = w squared x squared over 2 g,
equation of paraboloid;,
h= w squared r squared over 2 g,
squared property of parabola:
X1 over y1 = X2 over y2,
volume of paraboloid:,
V = one half pie r squared h,.
discharge or flow rate,Q,
Q=AV , V= Q over A,
kinetic head or velocity head:
KE over W = V squared over 2g,.
pressure head= P over unit weight,
E= V squared over 2g Plus P over unit weight plus z,.
power, P = Q unit weight E,
1hp= 746 watts,.
bernoullis energy theorem:,
E1=E2
V1 squared over 2g + P1 over uniy weight +Z1 = V2 squared over 2g + P2 over unit weight + Z2 + HL1-2,
with pump:,
V1 squared over 2g + P1 over uniy weight +Z1+ HA = V2 squared over 2g + P2 over unit weight + Z2 + HL1-2,
pump power= Q times y times HA,
with turbine:
V1 squared over 2g + P1 over uniy weight +Z1 = V2 squared over 2g + P2 over unit weight + Z2 +HE+ HL1-2.,
turbine power= Q y times HE (input power)
efficiency= power output over power input times 100%,.
energy & hydraulic gradeline;:,
hgl= P over y + Z,
energy gradeline (Egl)= V squared over 2g + P1 over unit weight + Z,.
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