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Name several things that evolved so that animals could go on land.
-Pectoral girdle/ head independance
-Pelvic girdle articulating with sacrum (more mobility)
-Proximal (closer to the trunk) limb bones very robust
-Reduction in number of phalangeal bones
-Skull more flattened (wide instead of tall)
-Eyes more dorsal, kind of on the top of the head, (kind of like crocs eyes are first thing out of water)
-From Feeding: suction → tongue/ jaws
-Lungs → gills (early probably had both)
-Modification of kidneys (change so you can keep water in your body while still eliminating waste)
-Modification of other sensory structures like ears
Distribution and diversity of Salamanders
Mostly northern hemisphere, some in South/ Central America. ~9% of total amphibians.
Name the major salamander (Caudata) families
Sirenidae, Cryptobranchidae, Amphiumidae, Plethodontidae, Salamandridae, Ambystomotidae
Name some charachteristics of Sirenidae
-Lack pelvic girdle and hind limbs
-Paedomorphic
-External gills
-Almost totally aquatic throughout lives
-SE United States (4 species)
-Some are well over a meter in length, some have keratinized beaks
Name charachteristics of cryptobranchidae
-Includes the largest species of amphibian in the world (Asian Giant Salamander)
-Only lives in Northern Asia and Eastern US (hellbender)
Cryptobranchidae
Amphiumidae characteristics
-Similar to sirens, eel-like
-Have little nubs for fore and hind-limbs
-SE US
Amphiumidae
Plethodontidae characteristics
-Most diverse salamander group
-Only one with measurable tropic diversity
-Lungless, cutaneous respiration
-Many are arboreal
-They fill the niche in the east that lizards fill in the desert
-~440 sp.
Plethodontidae
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