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What are the seven types of mutation?
1) Somatic vs germline
2) silent vs coding
3) frameshifts
4) insertions/deletions
5) forward
6) backward
7) suppressor
What are the five causes of mutations (mutagens)?
2) modifying chemicals
3) radiation (UV/infrared)
4) DNA replication
5) DNA recombination (rec A)
What are the five types of DNA repair?
1) light repair
2) excision repair
3) mismatch repair
4) post replication repair
5) error-prone repair system
What are silent mutations?
Mutations that occur in the genome which does not code
What are missense mutations?
changes one amino acid to another one
What are nonsense mutations?
-changes a codon for an amine acid into a stop codon
-premature termination
-often leads to a loss-of-function
Why do viruses have a higher mutation rate?
They are unable to repair mutations
What are the four steps of the light dependent repair system?
Factors:
T-dimers
DNA photolyase
Step 1) DNA is exposed to UV light causing T-dimers
Step 2) DNA photolyase binds to T-dimers
Step 3) Photolyase is activated by blue light, cleaves off T-dimers and phophase backbone
Step 4) Photolyase is released
What are the four steps of the excision repair system?
DNA repair endonuclease
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
Step 1) A DNA repair endonuclease recognises mutation
Step 2) Endonuclease binds and excises the damaged base/s.
Step 3) DNA polymerase fills the gap using undamaged complementary strand as template
Step 4) DNA ligase seals the break left by the DNA polymerase
What are the two types of excision repair?
1) Base excision repair - removes mutated bases
2) Nucleotide excision repair - removes larger defects (T-dimers)
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