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Carbonate ions
1. Add dilute acid to substance
2. Test gas with limewater
3. Fizz or bubble or go milky if CO2.
Chloride ions
1. Add few drops of dilute nitric acid
2. Shake
3. Add silver nitrate solution
4. White precipitate should form (silver chloride)
Sulfate ions
1. Few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid
3. Add few drops of barium chloride solution
4. White precipitate should form (barium sulfate)
Metal ions
Flame tests: damp splint in solid then in a bunsen burner flame. Colour indicates ion.
Sodium
Yellow
Potassium
Lilac
Calcium
Red
Copper
Green-blue
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