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Equivocation
occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used, either explicitly or implicitly, in two different senses in the argument
- the word has two meanings, pick the word
Amphiboly
Deflect in the syntax or structure of the statement that appears in the argument, the whole statement
-woman without her man is miserable
Begging the question
petito principii
committed whenever the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a possibly false key premise, by restating a possibly false premise as the conclusion, or by reasoning in a circle
-essentially the same but worded differently
Complex question
committed when two or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and single answer is then given to both of them
-the arguer already assumes the answer
False Dichotomy
disjunctive (either..or) premise presents two unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available, and the arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative, leaving the desirable one as the conclusion
Suppressed evidence
an inductive argument that ignores evidence
Collective predication
-The class as a whole
-All fleas are numerous
Distributive Predication
-applied to each and every member of the class denoted by the subject
-All fleas are small
Class statment
entire statement in collective predication
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