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Bourdieu (1984)
Identified four types of capital (cultural, educational, economic, social) which the middle and upper-class have more of; this is why they do better in education.
Bereiter & Engelmann (1966)
Working-class language is deficient - working-class children develop deficient language skills. This might impede their ability to, for example, write an essay or sustain an argument.
Bernstein (1975)
Working-class students are more likely to use the restricted speech code, with particularistic, context-dependent meanings and simple sentences/grammar. Middle-class students are more likely to use the elaborated speech code, with universalistic meanings and more developed explanations.
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