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Types of ring opening reactions, epoxides
Acid/enzyme catalyzed
Nucleophilic
Reagent to reduce epoxides to alcohols
LiAlH4
oxirane synthesis from olefins
Uses peroxy acids, proceeds through butterfly intermediate
Common names for the three types of aliphatic 3-membered heterocycles
N-containing: ethylenimine
O-containing: ethylene oxide/epoxide
S-containing: ethylene sulfide/episulfide
Examples of epoxides in our system
Vitamin K epoxide (cofactor in reaction of descarbosy-prothrombin to prothrombin)
Squalene epoxide (precursor to cholesterol)
Strain in three-membered rings makes protons more _____
acidic b/c increased s-character in bonds
Methods of aziridine synthesis
From animoalcohol with thionyl chloride or sulfuric accid
From azide and alkene
From epoxide (stereochemical inversion)
Description of MAPK's
Evolutionarily conserved enzymes connecting cell surface receptors to critical regulatory targets within cells
MAPK stands for
Mitogen activated protein kinase
Types of MAPKs in mammalian cells
1. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2)
2. c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3)
3. p38 kinases (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta)
4. ERK5 (big MAPK/BMK)
5. ERK3s (ERK3/4)
6. ERK7s (ERK 7/8)
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