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Comparison Group
A group in an experiment whose level on the independent variable differs from those of the treatment group in some intended and meaningful way.
Confound
A general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding (a threat to internal validity.
Confederate
An actor who is directed by the researcher to play a specific role in a research study.
Probabilistic
Describing the empirical method, stating that science is intended to explain a certain proportion (but not necessarily all) of the possible cases.
Availability Heuristic
The tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluating a conclusion.
Present/Present Bias
The tendency to rely only on evidence that is present (for example, instances in which both a treatment and a desired outcome are present) and ignore evidence that is absent (for example, instances in which a treatment is absent or the desired outcome is absent) when evaluating the support fora conclusion.
Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing
The tendency to ask only the questions that will lead to the expected answer.
Bias Blind Spot
The tendency for people to think that compared to others, they are less likely to engage in biased reasoning.
Empirical Journal Article
A scholarly article that reports for the first time the results of a research study.
Review Journal Article
An article summarizing all the studies that have been published in one research area.
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