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Genus Bacillus characteristics
virulence factors: capsule and exotoxins3 types: cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinaltreated with penicillin or tetracyclineBiological warfare threat 2001Dead live stock decontaminated before burial to prevent soil contamination
Food poisoning: spores are in soil, may contaminate vegetables, improper canning does not kill spores, they germinate in the can and produce botulinum toxin which causes paralysis by preventing release of acetylcholineinfant botulism: caused by ingested spores that germinate in the body and release toxinwound botulism: spores enter wound and cause food poisoning symptoms
non-spore forming gram-positivecoccobacilli to long filaments1-4 flagella, no capsulesresistant to cold, heat, salt, pH extremes and bileprimary reservoir in soil and watercan contaminate foods and grow during refrigerationmost cases are from contaminated diary products, poultry and meatdisease is often mild/subclinical (fever, diarrhea)listerosis in immunocompromised patients, fetuses, and neonates affects brain and meninges (20% death rate)ampicillin & trimethoprimsulfamethoxazoleprevention: pasteurization and cooking
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