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How are the signaling mechanisms in the NMJ simpler than in the CNS?
1) Muscle cells are innervated by only one neuron
2) Muscle fibers receive only excitatory input
3) All connections are mediated by the same neurotransmitter, which activates the same kind of receptor channel
4) NMJ is highly effective - each synaptic potential invariably produces an action potential
What provides excitatory and inhibitory input in the spinal stretch reflex?
Excitatory: sensory neuron
Inhibitory: interneuron
What role does synaptic inhibition play in the spinal stretch reflex?
Can counteract the sum of the excitatory actions and prevent the membrane potential from reaching threshold
Exert powerful control over spontaneously active nerve cells
Can determine the pattern of firing in a cell (sculpturing role of inhibition)
What causes EPSPs in spinal motor neurons?
The opening of channels permeable to both Na+ and K+
What is the best way to study the movement of ions responsible for the EPSP?
Voltage clamp to obtain the the reversal potential
What direction is the current when the membrane potential is made more positive than the reversal potential?
Outward
What happens as the EPSP pushes the membrane potential from its resting state to the reversal potential?
Threshold is reached
What is the excitatory transmitter released from the primary afferent neurons?
Glutamate
What are the four types of glutamate receptors?
AMPA receptor
1) Kainate, not affected by antagonist NMDA, but affected by AMPA (agonist), named after agonist
2) Quisqualate A, not affected by antagonist NMDA, but affected by AMPA (agonist), named after agonist
3) NMDA receptor
4) Quisqualate B, second-messenger
Which glutamate receptor produces the EPSP in the spinal stretch reflex?
AMPA
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