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What is the Melanocortin Receptor?
The melanocortin receptor is a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor of the rhodopsin family.
What do loss of function mutations in the melanocortin receptor result in?
Defects in the melanocortin receptor predispose to obesity due to its role in binding appetite supressing hormones.
Describe the structure of Protein Kinase A.
Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a tetramer of 2 regulatory and 2 catalytic sub units.
How does cAMP interact with protein kinase A (PKA) ?
cAMP is an allosteric ligand activator of PKA. It binds to grooves in the regulatory sites changing the conformation of PKA thus releasing the catalytic sites from the structure.
What is Allosteric Regulation?
The regulation of a protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzymes active site.
Why is adrenaline leading to glucose release a good example of an amplification cascade?
Adrenaline released: 10 -9 M
Glucose released: 10 -6M
The release of the glucose far outweighs the overall release of the adrenaline.
What is gustducin?
Gustducin is a Heterotrimeric G protein found in the tasting system which allows the tasting of sweet molecules.
How does gustducin cause an effect?
1. Sweet tasting molecule binds to sweet taste receptor which is bound to the Ggust (Gustducin) protein.
2. The Ggust protein becomes activated, allowing binding of GTP to the alpha subunit.
3. The gustducin alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase
4. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP activates Protein Kinase A
6. Activated PKA phosphorylates a potassium channel
7. Potassium channel closes as a result.
What are the main 2 types of alpha subunit on g proteins?
GaI - inhibitory
GaS - Stimulatory
How can we investigate which type of G alpha subunit is part of a G protein?
We can use inhibitors.
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