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- detect stimuli - are specific, so only detect one particular stimulus - can be whole cells and proteins on cell surface membranes
- receptors detect when a level is too high or too low
- this information is communicated to the effectors
- the effectors respond to counteract the change, bringing the level back to normal
- bring about a response to a stimulus - can be muscle cells and cells found in glands
- the effectors respond to further increase the level away from the normal level
- happens when receptors need to communicate with effectors
- can occur between adjacent cells or between distant cells - cell-surface receptors allow cells to recognise the chemicals involved in cell signalling
- transmit nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system
- have short dendrites and one long dendron
- have one short axon
- cell body is outside the CNS
- involves control systems that keep your internal environment constant within certain limits
- vital for cells to function normally and to stop them being damaged
- transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors
- have many short dendrites and no dendron
- has one long axon
- cell body is inside the CNS
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