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Bryophytes
Non-vascular. First lineage to diverge on land. Flagellated sperm. Dominant gametophyte stage. Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte. Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Lychophyta
Earliest vascular plants. Horizontal, hair-like roots. Stems have cuticle and stomata. Tiny cylinder of vascular tissue. Spores with motile sperm. Dominant sporophyte SEPARATE from gametophyte. Includes Lycopodium, Selaginella, and Isoetes.
Pterophyta
Includes the ferns and horsetails. Fern leaves are fronds (clustered sporangia).
Gymnosperms
Naked seeds. Pollen grains with sessile sperm. Has an ovule. Includes Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes, and Conifers. The conifers are cone-bearers. Adapted for aridity. Needle leaves. Heterosporous. Many produce resin.
Angiosperms (Anthophyta)
Flowering plants with enclosed seeds. Flowers have carpels in center. They protect ovule and become fruit. Better transport of nutrients. Double fertilization. Ovary protects ovule by fruit.
Monocots
One cotyledon. Parallel veins. Scattered vascular tissue. Fibrous root system. Pollen with one opening. Floral organs in multiples of three.
Eudicots
Two cotyledons. Net-like veins. Ringed vascular tissue. Taproot. Pollen with three openings. Floral organs in multiples of four or five.
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