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GABA and Glutamate are in 99% of neurons. What do agonists and antagonists of each do?
GABA: agonists= anesthesia, muscle relaxants etc
antagonists= seizures
Glutamate: agonists= seizures
antagonists= anesthesia (specifically dissociative anesthesia)
what are neuromodulators? Where are they? How do they function?
- Acetylcholine (attention memory), dopamine (motivation motor movements), serotonin (mood depression), noradrenaline (attention cognition)
- not in most neurons, localized mostly to midbrain, hindbrain
- most use G-protein coupled receptors and they modulate the activity of neurons
When you have a cigarette___ is activated. Parkinsons is treated with a ____.
ACh; dopamine agonist
What are neuropeptides? where are they?
WHAT: Neuropeptides are cotransmitters (as opposed to classical transmitters like GABA) synthesized by neurons which use g-protein liked receptors ex. vassporessin or oxytocin
WHERE: the hypothalamus and pituitary use them as primary transmitters. You can have multiple neuropeptides in one neuron. They have connections all over the brain
two types of receptors
1) ionotrophic- fast receptors, make ions move, neurotrans binds and it opens, like glutamate
2) metabotrophic- use metabolic pathways, Gprotein, slower (>100 sec)
Glutamate can bind to.... (4)
AMPA
NMDA (needs glutamate and needs to remove a magnesium blockade to fire)
Kainate (mostly extrasynaptc)
^ ionotropic
mGLuR1-8 - metamorphic
Dopamine receptors. which are inhibitory?
D1, D2 (D2s and D2L), D3, D4
(D2, D3, D4 inhibitory)
What are G Protein Ligands? What determines the effects of binding?
- neuromodulators, transmitters and neuropeptides can be ligands for G proteins
- the effects of ligand binding to any particular G protein-liked receptors is determined by the specific sub-types of the G protein it binds to and the effectors of those G proteins
(for ex beta adrenergic receptors bind to Gs and activate adenylate cyclase while alpha adrenergic receptors bind to Gi and inhibit adenylate cyclase.)
What differentiates neuropeptides from conventional neurotransmitters? (4)
- peptides are secreted from dense core vesicles while transmitters are in small secretory vesicles
- peptides vesicles dock far from the calcium entry on the presynaptic terminal , while transmitters dock very close
- peptides are synthesized in soma and released once- no reuptake. Transmitters are replenished by local synthesis and also typically reused
- peptides dont have direct synapse to synapse communication like transmitters but diffuse throughout the brain
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