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Transformation
(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Bacteriophage / Phage
A virus that infects bacteria.
Double Helix
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
Semiconservative Model
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
Origin of Replication
Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.
Replication Fork
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
Leading Strand
The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' → 3' direction.
Lagging Strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.
Okazaki Fragment
A short segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. Many of these together make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.
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