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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the three aging empires?
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the Austro-Hungarian Empire of the Hapsburgs, the Russian Empire of the Romanovs, and the Ottoman Empire of the Turks - were a jumble of ethnic groups
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When nationalism emerged in the 19th century, what happened?
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ethnic unrest threatened and eventually toppled these empires
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If each ethnic group wanted its own state what would happen?
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empires would split and crumble
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What did rulers gradually begin to see that nationalism could do?
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unify masses of peopl
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What did authoritarian rulers begin to use nationalist feelings for? What did they do?
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their own purposes, they built nation-states in areas where they remained firmly in control. It gave rise to the nation-state that is basic to our world today.
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What groups did the Austro-Hungarian Empire bring together?
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Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs, and Italians
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In 1866 Prussia defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. With its victory, what did Prussia gain? What happened?
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Control of the new North German Federation. Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states - with hiimself as ruler of both.
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Who did the Ottomans control?
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Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians
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In 1856, under pressure from the British and the French what did the Ottomans do?
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issue reforms to grant equal citizenship to all the people under their rule
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In response to nationalism in Armenia, what did the Ottomans do?
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they carried out massacres and deportations of Armenians in 1894 to 1896 and in 1915.
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After 1848, who did Italian nationalists look to for leadership?
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the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia; it was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states
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In 1852, Sardinia's King Victor Emmanuel II named who as his prime minister?
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Count Camillo di Cavour
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What did Cavour do? Who distrusted him? Why?
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Cavour achieved the unification of Italy. Mazzini distrusted Cavour. He believed that Cavour wanted to strengthen Sardinia's power, not to unite Italy.
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What was Cavour's major gaol at first? What did he realize that the greatest roadblock to annexing northern Italy was?
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to get control of northern Italy for Sardinia. He realized that the greatest roadblock to annexing northern Italy was Austria
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In 1858, the French Emperor Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of where?
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Lombardy and Venetia.
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What did Cavour do to get rid of the "roadblock" of Austria? What happened?
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he provoked a war with Austria. a combined French-Sardinian army won two quick victories against Austria.
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What happened as a result of Cavour's victory over Austria?
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he succeeded in taking over all of northern Italy, except Venetia, from the Austrians
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What did Cavour secretly start doing in southern Italy.
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started helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi led a small army of Italian nationalists, what did he do? What did he always wear?
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he captured Sicily. He always wore a bright red shirt; as a result, they became known as the Red Shirts.
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In an election, what did voters give to Garibaldi?
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permission to unite the southern areas he conquered with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
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Who did Cavour arrange for King Victor Emmanuel II to meet in Naples?
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Garibaldi
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In 1866, which Austrian province became part of Italy?
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Ventetia, which included the city of Venice
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Rome became the capital of the united Kingdom of Italy. The pople would continue to govern what?
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a section of Rome known as Vatican City
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Where did the greatest tension arise in Italy? why?
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the industrialized north and the agricultural south. these people had very different ways of life, and they scarcely understood each other's versions of the Italian language
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In addition to its political instablity, Italy also faced what kind of severe economic problems? Why did Italy enter the 20th century as a poor country?
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bloody peasant revolts broke out in the south. At the same time, strikes and riots troubled the northern cities. Meanwhile, the Italian government could not deal with the country's economic problems. Thus, Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country
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Which two states dominated the confederation?
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the two largest, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia
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What advantages did Prussia have over the Austro-Hungarian Empire that helped it forge a strong German state?
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1. Prussia had a mainly German population.As a result, nationalism unified Prussia, while ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary tore it apart
2. Prussia's army was by far the most powerful iln central Europe |
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What did Berlin rioters force the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV to do?
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to call a constitutional convention
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Why did Garbaldi's soldiers wear the red shirts?
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they helped spread his fame, but they started out simply as the cheapest way to clothe his soldiers
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In 1861, Lincoln offered Garibaldi a command in the Civil War. What were the two reasons taht he declined?
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he felt Lincoln did not condemn slavery strongly enough, and he told Lincoln that he wanted to command the entire Union Army.
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In 1861, who succeeded Friedrich Wilhelm to the throne?
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Wilhelm I
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What was the first thing that Wilhelm I did?
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first moved to reform the army and double the already powerful Prussian army
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Who supported Wilhelm I in his views?
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the Junkers, memberse of Prussia's wealthy landowning class
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What were the Junkers views?
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they were strongly conservative and opposed liveral ideas
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In 1862, who did Wilhelm I choose to be his prime minister?
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a conservative Junker named Otto von Bismarck.
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What was Bismarck a master of? What was this?
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Realpolitik, this word described tough power politics with no room for idealism
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With the king's approval what did Bismarck declare? What did this violate?
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that he would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget. Those actions were in direct violation of the constitution
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In 1864, Bismarck took the first step toward molding an empire. What were these steps?
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1. He formed an alliance between Prussia and Austria
2. They then went to war against Denmark to win two border provinces, Schleswig and Holstein 3. Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein 4. the tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866. This conflict became known as the Seven Weeks' War. 5. Prussia took control of northern Germany 6. The Franco-Prussian War was the final stage in German unification |
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Who won the Seven Weeks' War?
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The Prussians, they used their superior training and equipment to win a smashing victory. They humiliated Austria.
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What happened in the Seven Weeks' War?
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The Austrians lost the region of Venetia, which was given to Italy. They also had to accept Prussian annexation of yet more German territory
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What did Bismarck do to "manufacture an incident" with France? What happened as a result?
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He published an altered version of a diplomatic telegram he had received. This gave a false desc. of a meeting between Wilhelm I and the French ambassador. In this Willhelm seemed to insult the French. As a result, France declared war on Prussia on July 19, 1870
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How long did Parisians withstand a German siege?
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For four monts, hunger forced them to surrender.
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On January 18, 1871, at the captured French palace of Versailles What happened?
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King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser, or emperor. Germans called their empire the Second Reich(The HRE was the first)
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In 1815, the Congress of Vienna est. five Great Powers in Europe. Who were these?
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Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
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Who were the most powerful(both militarilty and economically) of the Great Powers? Who lagged far behind and who strugged somewhere in the middle?
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Britain and Germany were the most powerful. Austria, Russia, and Italy lagged far behind. France struggled along somewhere in the middle
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In literature and the visual arts, what did realism try to do?
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to show life as it is, not as it should be
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What did realist painting reflect?
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the increasing political importance of the working class in the 1850s. The growing class of industrial workers lived grim lives in dirty, crowded cities.
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What new invention also recorded objective and precise images?
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the camera
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Who were the two realist writers in France?
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honore de Balzac and Emile Zola
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What did Balzac write?
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a massive series of almost one hundred novels entitled The Human Comedy.
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What was "The Human Comedy"?
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stories that detailed the lives of over 2,000 people from all levels of French society following the Revolution.
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What did Zola write?
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his explosive novels scandalized France at the end of the 1800s. He exposed the miseries of French workers in small shops, factories, and coal mines.
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What did Zola's writings spur?
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reforms of labor laws and working conditions in France
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What did Charles Dickens do?
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he created unforgettable characters and scenes. Many were humorous, but others showed the despair of London's working poor.
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What were the first practical photographs called? Who were they named after?
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daguerreotypes. named after their French inventor, Louis Daguerre. He was an artist who created scenery for theaters.
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What were Daguerrotype prints made on?
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metal
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who invented a light-sensitive paper that he used to produce photographic negatives. what was it's advantage?
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William Talbot. its advantage was that many prints could be made from one negative
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What did the Talbot process allow?
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photos to reproduced in books and newspapers
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What did impressionists try to do?
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tried giving their impression of a subject or a moment in time. This style of art came to known as impressionsim.
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PHOTOGRAPHY WAS THE ART OF THE NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE.
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PHOTOGRAPHY WAS THE ART OF THE NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE.
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What colors did impressionists use?
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pure, shimmering colors to capture a moment seen at a glance
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What kind of view did the impressionists have?
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they showed a more positive view of the new urban society in Western Europe.
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What did Impressionists paint?(What subjects)?
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Instaed of abused workers, they showed shop clerks and dock workers enjoying themselves in dance halls and cafes. they glorified the delights of the life of the rising middle class
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Who was Jeremy Bentham? What did he argue?
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he argued that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility. he argued that the gov't should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. a gov't policy was only useful if it promoted this goal. He said that in general the individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state.
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Who was John Stuart Mill?
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a philosopher and economists, led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s
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What did Mill believe?
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that it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation. Mill wished to hlep ordinary working people with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits. He also favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women's rights, including the right to vote.
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What did Robert Owen do?
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he was a British factory owner who improved working conditions for his employees. Near his cotton mill in New Lanark, Scotland, Owen built houses, which he rented at low rates. He prohibited children under ten from working in the mills and provided free schooling
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In socialism, the factors of production are owned by whom? What did socialism grow out of?
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owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. It grew out of the optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice
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What did Socialists argue that the govermnet should do?
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actively plan the economy rather than depending on free-market capitalism
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What did socialists believe?
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that gov't control of factories, mines, railroads, and other key industries would abolish poverty and promote equality. Public ownership would help the workers who were at the mercy of greedy employers
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Who was Karl Marx?
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a German journalist who introduced the world a radical type of socialism called Marxism.
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What did Marx and Friedrich Engels(a German whose father owned a textile mill in Manchester) outlined their ideas where? What did they argue?
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in a 23 page pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto. In this, they argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes.
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What did Marx and Engel call the middle class? the workers?
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"Haves" or employers, and "have-nots" or workers
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What did Marx and Engels predict?
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the workers would overthrow the owners
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What did Marx believe would happen to the capitalist system?
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it would eventually destroy itself
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What did Marx describe as pure communism?
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a form of complete socialism in which the means of production - all alnd, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses - would be owned by the people
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What was collective bargaining? what would happen if they refused?
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negotiations between workers and their employers. union members could strike, or refuse to work.
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In 1842, what did the Mines Act prevent?
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women and children from working underground
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What did the Ten Hours Act of 1847 do?
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limited the workday to ten hours for women and children who worked in factories
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In 1904, a group of progressive reformers organized the National Child Labor Committee to end what?
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child labor
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Who was William Wilberforce?
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a member of Parliament who led the fight for abolitionin the British Empire
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When did Parl. pass a bill to end the slave trade in the British West Indies?
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1807
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When did Britain finally abolish slavery in its empire?
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in 1833
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When did the enslavement of African people finally end in the US?
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when the Union won the Civil War in 1865
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With the end of the US Civil War enslavement persisted in the Americas where?
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Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil; In Puerto Rico, slavery ended in 1873. Cuba - 1886, and Brazil -1888
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When did the movement for women's rights begin?
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in the US as early as 1848. Women activists around the world joined to found the International Council for Women in 1888. Delegates and observers from 27 countries attended the council's 1899 meeting
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Who favored free public education for all children?
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Horace Mann of Massachusetts
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By 1850s many states were starting to est. what? When was it established in Western Europe?
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a system of public schools. In Western Europe, free public schooling became available in the late 1800s
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