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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions
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Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution was a series of dramatic changes in...
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the way work was done
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Before the Industrial Revolution, most work...
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was done by hand
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Industrialization is...
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the process of developing machine production of goods
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Where and when did the Industrial Revolution begin?
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In the middle of the 1700s in the lowland parts of eastern England and southern Scotland
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What was the movement called where by 1700, wealthy landowners were buying up the land that village farmers had worked and then rented the fields to families of tenant farmers who worked the land
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Enclosure movement
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One of the first scientific farmers who developed the seed drill in 1721 that allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths
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Jethro Tull
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Who was Viscount Charles Townshend?
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he was a farmer who found that it was not necessary to let the land lie fallow
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Who allowed only the best animals to breed, which increased the weight of his sheep and greatly improved the taste of the mutton?
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Robert Bakewell
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In 1700, what was the average weight of a steer sold for slaughter? What was it by 1786?
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370 pounds to 840 pounds
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The weight of a sheep went from ___ to ___
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28 to 100 pounds
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Scientific farming had a twofold effect
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1) Better livestock and rising crop production meant more food, fewer people went hungry, and nutrition improved
2) On the other hand, the enclosure movement forced many small farmers off their land |
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Where did the farmers who got their land taken from them go to?
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British cities looking for work
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What did Edward Jenner discover and in what year?
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the smallpox vaccine in 1796
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What were Great Britain's advantages?
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abundant natural resources, a favorable geography, a favorable climate for new ideas, a good banking system, and political stability
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What 3 natural resources did the Industrial Revolution depend on?
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Waterpower, coal, and iron ore
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What were waterpower and coal used for?
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To supply energy for the new machines
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What was iron ore used for?
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Machines, tools, and buildings
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Britain was an island nation with many fine harbors and a fleet of more than ____ merchants ships
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6,000
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Overseas trade gave Britain access to what?
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raw materials and markets
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What was the Royal Society?
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Founded in London in 1660, it had become a world-famous "club" for the exchange of scientific ideas and practical inventions
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What group in Birmingham met once a month at the full moon?
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the Lunar Society Lunatics
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By the ___, _______ had the most highly developed banking system in Europe
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1700s, Great Britain
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What was linen made out of?
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A cloth woven from the fiber of the flax plant
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Why was cotton more popular than linen?
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It was also light but more durable and easier to care for than linen
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Who made the flying shuttle in 1733?
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John Kay, who was a watchmaker
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What was the flying shuttle?
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Boat-shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached and it allowed a weaver to work twice as fast
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James Hargreaves invented what and in what year?
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In 1764 he invented the spinning jenny
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What did the spinning jenny do?
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Allowed one spinner to work six or eight threads at a time; later models could spin as many as 80 threads at once
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What did Richard Arkwright do?
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Invented the water frame in 1769
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What did the water frame do?
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Used the waterpower from fast-flowing streams to drive spinning wheels
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Samuel Crompton produced the spinning mule by combining the features of what two machines?
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spinning jenny and the water frame
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What did the spinning mule do?
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The mule made thread that was stronger, finer, and more even than earlier spinning machines
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Why were factories built near a stream or waterfall at first?
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Because they needed waterpower
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In 1785, Edmund Cartwright's power loom, which was run by waterpower, promised to do what?
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to restore the balance of weaving and turning out thread by speeding up weaving
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What did Eli Whitney invent and in what year?
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the cotton gin in 1793
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What did the cotton gin do and how did it help slaves?
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it removed the seeds from the raw cotton which made it possible for slaves to pick and clean ten times as much cotton daily as they had before
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What was the drawback for the early power looms and spinning machines?
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They ran on waterpower, so every factory that used them had to be near rushing water
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The factories that were located near rushing water were often far from what 3 things?
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raw materials, workers, and markets
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What was the first steam engine called?
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Newcomen engine
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What was wrong with the Newcomen engine?
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It worked very slowly and also took great quantities of fuel, making it expensive to run
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Who was a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland?
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James Watt
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What did James Watt do as a mathematical instrument maker?
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He helped science professors make the equipment they used in their experiements
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In the 1770s, who did Watt go into a partnership with?
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Matthew Boulton
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What is an entrepreneur?
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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
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By 1800, about how many steam engines were made in factories in Britain?
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500
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Before the Industrial Revolution, what was the cheapest and most reliable way to travel in England?
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by water
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In what ways was water the cheapest and most reliable way to travel in England?
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It had good harbors and many navigable rivers
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What was the major drawback of water transportation?
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there was only one way to take goods across the stretches of land that lay between rivers; workers had to unload the boats, put the goods into wagons, then drive the wagons to the next river
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How did canals help the cost of transportation?
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new coal and other raw materials could be carried by water to more places in Britain
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Who was the Scottish engineer that was largely responsible for the better roads?
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John McAdam
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Describe how John McAdam built better roads
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In the early 1800s, he built roadbeds with a layer of stones for drainage; over that bed he put a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock; these "macadam" surfaces were not nearly so muddy or dusty as the old ones
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Which country were railroads first revolutionized?
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England
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Who made an engine that was both small and powerful and in what year?
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an English engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804
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Trevithick's bet against a mine owner was that _____
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his engine could pull a cart along a set of tracks
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Richard Trevithick won his bet by doing what?
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running his locomotive over ten miles of track, hauling ten tons of iron as well
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What did George Stephenson do?
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he was an engineer who built some 20 engines for mine operators in northern England
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George Stephenson began work on the world's first railroad line in what year?
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1821
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Stephenson's railroad was to run ____ miles from what two locations?
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27 miles from Yorkshire coalfields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea
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George Stephenson's railroad opened in what year and used how many locomotives?
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it opened in 1825 and used four locomotives
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News of the railroad line spread and entrepreneurs of northern England were interested because they wanted a railroad line to connect what two places?
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the port of Liverpool on the northwestern coast of England with the inland city of Manchester, the heart of the spinning and weaving industry
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What was Stephenson's Rocket?
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an engine that could haul a 13-ton load at more than 24 mph
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What railway opened in 1830?
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Liverpool-Manchester Railway
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Hundreds of different railraods opened during _____
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the 1830s and 1840s
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Who didn't welcome the Railroad Age and why?
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the owners of canals and freight wagon lines because it drove many of them out of business
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What were the far-reaching effects of railroads?
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1) railroads encouraged further industrial growth by giving manufacturers a fast, cheap way to transport both raw materials and finished products, 2) entrepreneurs could now build factories in many more locations, 3) trains could deliver supplies wherever there were tracks, 4) the railroad boom provided millions of jobs, 5) now farmers could send perishable items to markets in distant cities, 6) railroads had enormous influence on the attitudes that ordinary people had about travel
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The spread of railroads through Britain led directly to the growth of what?
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popular seaside resorts like Brighton and Blackpool
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Why was the Industrial Revolution limited to Great Britain for many years?
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because Britain wanted to keep the secrets of industrialization to itself
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Until 1825, it was against the law for who to leave the country?
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engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers
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In 1789, a British mill worker ________ disguised himself as a farmer to head for the US and bulit what machine from memory?
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Samuel Slater; a spinning machine
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In 1790, a Rhode Island businessman named ________ began work on a factory to house Slater's machines
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Moses Brown
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What was the only product that early factories in the United States made?
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thread
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What was a cottage industry?
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any business done at home
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By what year did the number of mills spread over much of the northeastern United States
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1850
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What two incidences disrupted business all over Europe?
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the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars
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What country was one of the first to respond to the British challenge?
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Belgium
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In 1799, what did the British carpenter William Cockerill do?
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he began building cotton spinning machines in Belgium while it was still under French rule
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Industrialized "islands" began to dot the European landscape; among these areas were ________
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the coal-rich Ruhr Valley in northwestern Germany and the Po Valley in northern Italy
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In 1850, Britain still produced most of the world's ___ and ____
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iron and coal
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British factories accounted for what percent of Europe's cotton cloth production?
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70%
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Between ____ and _____ , the number of European cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47
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1800 and 1850
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Why did factories tend to develop in clusters?
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because entrepreneurs built them near sources of power
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Major new industrial centers sprang up between what two places?
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southern Wales and the Clyde River valley in Scotland
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The biggest of the industrial centers developed where?
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in England, from the Midlands and on the northwest and northeast coasts
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What was Europe's largest city?
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London
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Why did people come to live in Britain's cities?
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because country life was harsh and the cities offered plenty of jobs
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What did work hours depend on in the city?
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the factory bell or whistle
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Because factory owners wanted to keep their machines running for as many hours as possible, the average worker spent ___ hours a day at their job, ___ days a week
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14 hours a day, 6 days a week
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What kind of dangers did industries pose in work?
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factories were seldom well-lit or clean and machines injured workers in countless different ways
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How did machines injure workers?
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a boiler might explode or a drive belt might catch an arm
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Where were the most dangerous conditions found and why?
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in coal mines because of frequent accidents, damp conditions, and the constant breathing of coal dust
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The hazardous conditions of coal mines caused the average miner's life span to be how many years shorter than that of other workers?
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10 years shorter
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What was a difference between country and factory work?
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In the country, children worked side by side with their parents; In factories, family members often worked separately
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During the early 1800s, children as young as __ or __ worked long hours in factories and mines
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6 or 7
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How were children used in mines?
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their small size was a great advantage in moving about in narrow shafts and tunnels
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What was one of the jobs that children did in the mines?
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they were "trappers," whose job was to keep the ventilation shafts in the mines clear
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What did Parliament do in 1831?
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they set up a committee to investigate abuses of child labor
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Who told the committee set up by Parliament that his small daughters worked from 3 AM to 10:30 PM
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Samuel Coulson
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Because of Samuel Coulson, what did Parliament pass?
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the Factory Act of 1833
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What did the Factory Act of 1833 state?
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it made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old; children from 9-13 were not to work more than 8 hours a day; young people from 14-18 could not be required to work more than 12 hours
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What was another act similar to the Factory Act that placed limits on the work of children in mining?
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the Mines Act of 1843
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Most of the wealth from the Industrial Revolution went into the pockets of factory owners, shippers, and merchants who made up what?
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a growing middle class
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In the past, which people occupied the top position in British society and why?
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landowners and aristocrats because they had the most wealth and power
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In effort to be like the upper class, what did the newly rich families do?
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they bought large estates and lived in high style
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What people were included in the upper middle class group?
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government employees, doctors, lawyers, and those who held management positions in factories, mines, and shops
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Who made up the lower middle class?
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factory overseers, toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers
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In the 1840s, what did the young German writer Friedrich Engels do?
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he went to Manchester, where his family owned a cotton business
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What was the laissez-faire policy?
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when the government takes a hands-off attitude toward economic and social conditions
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Who set forth the laissez-faire policy in the 1700s?
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Adam Smith
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The laissez-faire was popular amoung what group and why?
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the upper and upper middle classes because these groups controlled the British Parliament
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What restrictions did the working people have?
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they could neither vote nor hold office
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Between 1815 and 1819, what was common in Manchester and other industrial cities?
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mob demonstrations and riots
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A union spoke for what?
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all workers in a particular trade
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Unions bargained for what two things?
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better working conditions and higher wages
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Who were in a far better position to form unions and why?
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carpenters and spinners because the unskilled workers could be easily replaced
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What did Alexis de Tocqueville do in 1848?
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gave a warning that said that the Industrial Revolution was creating unequal divisions
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