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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What nationality was Pieter Bruegel?
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Flemish
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What kind of paintings did Bruegel make?
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Lively peasant life with vibrant colors
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What nationality was Pieter Paul Robins?
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Flemish
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Describe Rubins art
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He blended Flemish traditions with classical Italian Renaissance themes
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Durer was what nationality?
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German
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Who was called the German Leonardo?
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Albrecht Durer
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Where did Durer go in 1494?
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Italy to study the masters
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Who was a pioneer in the Northern Renaissance?
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Durer
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Where did Durer use his Italian learnings?
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He used them in engraving
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What is the process like for engraving?
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A design is etched on metal with acid and then metal is used to make prints
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What did Durer's art portray?
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Religious Upheaval
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What did Northern humanists teach?
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Education and classical learning
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Where did northern humanists want reform?
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Moral and religion
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Who did northern humanists appeal to?
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The middle class
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Who was Erasmus?
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Dutch priest and humanist
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What two books did Erasmus write?
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Praise of Folly and the Greek Bible
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Where did Erasmus want reform?
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Catholic church
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Who was Sir Thomas More?
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English Humanist
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Where did More want reform?
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Society
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What was More's Utopia about?
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ideal society with equal men and women
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Who was Shakespeare?
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English Poet and playwright
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How many plays did Shakespeare write?
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37
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What Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare explore?
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individual complexity and importance of classics
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What was the Renaissance?
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It was a shift from an agricultural society to an urban society
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What became more important when the Renaissance occured?
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Trade
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What did the Renaissance reawaken?
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An interest in Greco-Roman learning
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What was humanism?
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Study of greco-roman learning
Secular studies Humanities(grammar) Celebrated the individual |
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When was the Renaissance?
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1300-1600
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What is the definition of Renaissance?
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Rebirth
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What slowed the Renaissance in Northern Europe?
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The 100 years war
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What helped the Renaissance in Italy?
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Thriving Cities
City-States Crusades improved their trade Location on Mediterranean |
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What did the plague do for the Italian Renaissance?
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Killed 60%
Survivors prices went up because of fewer laborers |
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When did Italy's golden age occur?
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When the Medici family ruled
Quattrocentro |
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Who was the Medici family?
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Merchants and bankers who had power in Italy
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Who was the first powerful Medici?
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Cosimo de Medici
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How did Cosimo de Medici rule?
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He ruled with a puppet regime
He created the illusion of a republic |
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What good things did Cosimo de Medici do?
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Cleaned/Beautified the city, free libraries
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How were Lorenzo and Cosimo related?
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Lorenzo was his grandson
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What things did Lorenzo do?
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Beautified the city, partonized arts, continued the illusion
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What was the difference between Lorenzo and Cosimo?
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Everybody loved Lorenzo
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What was Renaissance art like?
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Humanist-celebrated the individual
Showed religious figures against Greco-Roman backgrounds |
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What techniques were new to the Renaissance?
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Realism, perspective, shading, columns and arches, no more gothic
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What is realism?
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Everyday life/normal things
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What is perspective?
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Things in distance are smaller
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Why did humanists use shading?
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To make things more 3-d and realistic
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What were the major works of Donatello?
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A life size statue of soldier on horseback
David |
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Where was Brunelleschi's dome?
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Florence
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What were the major works of da Vinci?
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Mona Lisa
The Last Supper |
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Who did sketches of futuristic machines?
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da Vinci
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What did da Vinci study?
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botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture and enginerreing
abomea |
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What works did Michelangelo do?
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Pieta, David, sistine chapel, and St. Peters cathedral dome in Rome
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What did Michelangelo study?
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Sculpture, engineering, painting, architecture, and poetry
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What styles did Rafael blend?
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Christian and classical
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What are Rafael's major works?
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Madonna
School of Athens (showed thinkers like aristotle, plato, socrates, and averroes) |
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What special style did Bondone use?
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Fresco painting
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What is fresco?
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Painting on wet plaster
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What chapel did Bondone decorate with scenes from the bible?
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The Arena Chapel
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What was Bondone's art like?
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Very life like
It gave an illusion of depth |
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What work did Ghibert do?
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Made two bronze doors for the Baptistery in Florence
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What did Ghiberti's doors show?
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Scenes from the bible
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Who made a chapel in florence using perspective?
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Masaccio
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Who was Beatrice?
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Dante's muse who died at 24
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What is Dante's famous work?
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The Divine Comedy
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Where is Dante from?
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Florence
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What are the three parts of The Divine Comedy?
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Virgil guides him through hell
Purgatory Paradise where he meets heaven |
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What was special about The Divine Comedy?
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It used Florentine vernacular
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What did Petrarch write in latin?
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Letters
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What did Petrarch write in Italian?
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Sonnets about his love Laura
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Who did Petrarch imitate?
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Cicero
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Who strove for simplicity and purity
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Petrarch
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What did Castiglione write?
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The Book of Courtier
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The book of Courtier showed what?
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Ideal men and women
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The Book of Courtier said that the ideal men and women were?
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Men-Smart and Athletic
Women-Kind, graceful, reserved |
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Describe the turmoil that made Machiavelli write "The Prince"
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In 1492, Charles 8 led an army into Italy
He wanted Naples but he took Florence on his way there Piero de Medici gave up easily and was exiled by his people He took other city-states and caused them to have upheaval These city-states joined with foreign powers |
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What was the Prince about?
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Advice to rulers who want to have power
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What are the principles in the prince?
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The ends justify the means
One should disregard morality and truth if it helps the state |
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What other factor slowed down the Renaissance in Northern Europe?
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The plague
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When did the Renaissance start for Northern Europe?
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1400's
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Who improved the Chinese printing press?
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Gutenburg
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Where was Gutenburg from?
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Mainz Germany
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When did Gutenburg print the first bible?
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1455
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By 1500, how many bibles had been printed?
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30 million
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What effects did the printing press have?
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Literacy rate went up
People questioned the bible Books were cheaper |
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Where did the northern Renaissance start?
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Flanders
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Where was Jan van Eyck from?
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Flanders
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What was van Eyck's art like?
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townspeople and religious scences in realistic detail
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What were the three major Italian city-states with populations of 100,000?
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Genoa
Venice Florence |
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Where in Italy was Venice?
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East
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Where in Italy was Genoa?
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West
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Where in Italy was Florence?
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Inland on the Arno
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What was the Florentine economy based on?
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Wool, leather, and silk
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How were city-states governed?
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They were autonomous (self-governed)
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When did the Protestant Reformation start?
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1500's
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Northern European calls for church reform eventually unleashed forces that would shatter what? What was this movement called?
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Christian unity
Protestant Reformation |
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Most people in Renaissance Italy were?
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Poor and life would be violent
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Fixed mideval economies were giving way to ___________ and ______.
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more uncertain urban, market-based economies and wealth was distributed unequaly
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Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in what?
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Worldly affairs
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Who did popes compete with?
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Italian princes for political power
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Like other Renaissance rulers, popes led _, supported ___, and hired _____.
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Lavish lives
the arts artists to beautify churches |
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How did the Pope finance his life?
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By using the Chrch to increase marriages and baptisms.
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What did some clergys also do?
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sold indulgences
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What was an indulgence?
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the lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory, a place where the souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetimes.
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In the Middle Ages, the Church had granted indulgences only for?
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good deeds
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They stressed _____ and rejected what they saw as the _________.
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Bible study
the worldliness of the Church |
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England in the 1300s, who launched a systematic attack against the Church? What did he use to call for change?
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John Wycliffe
Sermons and writings |
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Jan Hus was born how many years after Wycliffe in what republic?
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40 years
Czech Republic |
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What did he lead which he was executed forr?
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a reform movement
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Luther found himself growing disillusioned with what?
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What he saw as Church corruption and worldliness
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At Last, what led Luther to take action?
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An incident in the town of Wittneberg
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In 1517, a preiest named _______ set up a pulpit on the outskirts of _________.
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Johann Tetzel Wittenberg in Germany
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Who did Tetzel offer indulgences to?
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any Christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome
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What did Tetzel claim with the purchase of the indulgences?
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assure entry into heaven not only for them but also their dead relatives as well.
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What was the final outrage to Luther? wHy? What did he do?
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Tetzel's actions because they meant that poor peasants could not get into heaven. He drew up 95 Theses, or arguments, against indulgences.
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What did Luther also argue?
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that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, and the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory.
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Christians would only be saved by what?
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faith
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Who did Luther pray to to save his life?
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St. Anne
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What did Luither's 95 Theses do?
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Stirred furious debate across Europe.
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What did the Church call on Luther to do? What didLuther do?
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To recant, or give up his views.
Luther refused and developed even more radical new doctrines. |
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What did Luther urge Christians to do?
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Reject the authority of Rome
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What did Luther write about the church?
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It could only be reformed by secular, or non-Church authorites.
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Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Bacon, Descartes, Galileo, Newton, and Boyle were all________.
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Scienticts in the scientific revolution
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New discoveries and theories created found during the scientific revolution influenced Europeans to do what?
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Think anything is possible
Think of things themselves NOt believe things they had believed blindly before |
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What did Copernicus believe about earth?
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He believed it revolved around the sun
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Why did the Catholic church not like Copernicus?
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The church said that the sun orbited earth
If their church members believed that the we orbited the sun, they may not believe other things the church taught |
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What did Galileo believe about the earth
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He believed the earth orbited the sun
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What was new about the scientific method?
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It relied on observation and recording of accurate data. Before, everybody just believed what their church told them
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How did the Renaissance affect medicinal learning?
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Microscopes began to be used
People learned human anatomy through autopsies They discovered cells in 1600's |
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What did Plato believe about learning new material?
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He believed that if we want to discover, we must look past appearances and simple truths.
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Who excommunicated Luther?
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Pope Leo X
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Who declared Luther an outlaw?
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Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor
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What did Luther's dad want him to be?
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a lawyer
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All Christians have _______ acces to God through ______ and the ______.
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equal access
through faith and the Bible |
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Luther wanted ordinary people to be able to read and study the Bible so what did he do?
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translated parts of it into German
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What did Luther also want in every town?
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a school so that all children could learn to read the Bible.
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What did 4 things did Luther ban?
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indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
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What did fiery preachers denounce?
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Church abuses
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By 1530, Lutherans were using a new name ____, for those who protested papal authority
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Protestants
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What were the three things that German princes embraced Lutheran beliefs for more selfish reasons?
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1. Lutheranism as a way to throw off the rule of both the Church and the HRE
2. seize Church property in their territories 3. feelings of national loyalty |
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Who excommunicated Luther?
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Pope Leo X
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In the peasants revolt what did the rebels call an end to?
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Serfdom and demanded other changes in their harsh lives. He told princes to crush them for the good of the state
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What did Luther strongly favor?
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Social order and respect for political authority
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But as the Peasants revolt grew more violent what did luther do?
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he denounced the peasants rebel against the government because it was getting too out of hand. he turned on his people
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With Luther's support what did nobles do to the rebellion?
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suppressed the rebellion, killing thousands of people and leaving thousands more homeless
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What was signed in 1555
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The Peace of Ausburg
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What did the Peace of Ausburg say?
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it allowed each prince to decide which religion, catholic or Lutheran, would be follwed in his lands
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Most northern German states chose which religion? Southern German states?
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Lutheran
Catholic |
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Who was a priest and an admire of Erasmus, he lived in the Swiss city of Zurich?
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Urich Zwingli
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Zwingli like Luther stressed what?
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the importance of the Bible and rejected elaborate church rituals
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Calvin was born in ____ and trained as a _______ and ____.
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France
priest and lawyer |
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What did Calvin do in 1536?
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he published a widelu-known book that set forth his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant church.
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What did Calvin preach?
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predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
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To Calvinists the world was divided into two kinds of people _- and _____.
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Saints and sinners
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In 1541, who in the Swiss city-state of ________ asked Calvin to lead their community?
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Protestants
Geneva |
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What kind of government did Calvin set up?
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a theocracy, or government run by church leaders
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What were the "chosen people" called?
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the elect
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What 5 things did Calvinsts stress?
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hard work, dicipline, thrift, honesty, and morality.
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Citizens faced fines or other harsher punishments for offenses such as?
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fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing
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By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in ______, _______, _______, ___________, and ____________.
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Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland
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