Contraception & Abortion / Power & Sexual Coersion

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Condoms

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-Barrier Method.
-A latex, animal membrane, or polyurethane sheath that fits over the penis and is used for protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections; polyurethane female condoms, which protect the vaginal walls, are also available.
-$10-$15 per dozen

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Nonoxynol-9

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-A spermicide that has been used to prevent pregnancy and protect against sexually transmitted diseases.

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Effectiveness of Condoms

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-Latex condoms are between 85% (typical use) and 98% (perfect use) effective.

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Advantages of using Condoms

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-Offer the most protection from STI. Condoms encourage the male participation in contraception and they are inexpensive. They also reduce the incidence of postcoital drip.

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Postcoital Drip

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-A vaginal discharge (dripping) that occurs after sexual intercourse

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Disadvantages of using Condoms

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-Interupts foreplay, therefore is less spontaneous.
-May reduce sensation or may develop a slight allergic reaction.

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Diaphragm

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-Barrier Method
-A birth control device consisting of a latex dome on a flexible spring rim; used with spermicidal cream or jelly.

-Less widely used by woman, statistics have decreased with time.
-$20-$35 each
-Prescribed by a doctor and must be used with spermicide.
-Folded in half and inserted into the vagine while a woman is standing with one leg propped up.
-Left in place 6-8 hrs. after intercourse

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Effectiveness of the Diaphragm

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-84% (typical use) 94% (perfect use)

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Advantages of the Diaphragm

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-Can be inserted prior to sexual activity which increases spontaneity.
-Provides some protection from STIs and pelvic inflammatory disease.
-Reduces risk of cervical dysplasia and cancer.

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Disadvantages of the Diaphragm

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-A physician fitting and prescription are necessary.
-Taught how to insert and remove the diaphragm
-Increase in risk of toxic shock syndrome or urinary tract infections and postcoital drip.

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The Contraceptive Sponge

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-Polyurethane sponge impregnanted with spermicide, inserted into the vagine for contraception.
-Sponge is moistened with water, which activates the spermicide. Sponge must be checked to make sure it is covering the cervix
-Intercourse can take place immediately after inserting.
-3 for $13

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Effectiveness of the Contraceptive Sponge

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-75% (typical use) to 89% (perfect use)

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Advantages of the Contraceptive Sponge

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-can be purchased w/out a perscription.
-Once inserted, intercourse can take place soon after.
-Increased sexual spontaneity

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Disadvantages of the Contraceptive Sponge

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-May increase the risk of toxic shock syndrom and urinary tract infections.
-May be uncomfortable for some women
-May produce foul odor

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Cervical Barriers

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A plastic or rubber cover for the cervix that provides a contraceptive barrier to sperm

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Fem Cap

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Re-usable silicone barrier vaginal contraceptive that comes in 3 sizes.

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Lea's Shield

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Reusable silicone barrier vaginal contraceptive that contains a one-way valve.

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How Cervical Barriers Work

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Block the entrance to the uterus and deactivate sperm through use of spermicide or jelly. Left in place 8 hrs after last intercourse.

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Effectiveness of Cervical Barriers

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86% in women who haven't had children.

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Advantages of Cervical Barriers

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Can be left in place up to 48 hrs. and left in longer. Don't affect hormonal levels.

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Disadvantages of Cervical Barriers

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May increase risk of toxic shock syndrome, cause abnormal pap smears, increase risk of urinary tract infections, increase vaginal odors. Must be fitted by a healthcare provider. It can also be felt by a male during intercourse.

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Oral Contraceptive

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The "pill"; a preparation of synthetic female hormones that blocks ovulation

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Margaret Sanger

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First to envision oral contraceptives

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Combination Birth Control Pill

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An oral contraceptive containing synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Women take it for 21 days and take a week off. Typically $12-$15

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How Birth Control Pills Work

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Hormones prevent the pituitary gland from sending hormones to cause ovaries to begin maturation of an ovum. Similar to when a woman is pregnant.

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Monophasic

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Describes oral contraceptives containing stable levels of hormones during the entire month; the doses anad types of hormones do not vary.

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Multiphasic

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Describes oral contraceptives that contain varying levels of hormones during the month; each week the hormonal dosage is changed.

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Start Day

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The actual day that the first pill is taken in a pack of oral contraceptives.

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Placebo Pills

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In a pack of 28-day oral contraceptives, the seven pills at the end; these pills are sugar pills and do not contain any hormones; they are used to help a woman remember to take a pill every day.

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Breakthrough Bleeding

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Slight blood loss that occurs from the uterus when a woman is taking oral contraceptives.

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Triphasil Pill

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A type of multiphasic oral contraceptive with three different types of pills, each of which contains a different hormonal dosage.

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Effectiveness of the Birth Control Pill

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92% (typical use) 99.7% (perfect use) must take pill every day at the same time

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Advantages of the Birth Control Pill

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If used correctly, one of hte highest effectiveness rates, do no interfere with spontaneity. Reduce likelihood of ovarian cysts. Provide important degrees of protection agains ovarian and endometrial cancers.

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Disadvantages of the Birth Control Pill

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Offer no protection from STIs. Put responsibility for contraception on the female. May be expensive and reduce effectiveness if other medications are used. Overweight women may experience lower effectiveness.

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Hormonal Ring (NuvaRing)

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A small plastic contraceptive ring that is inserted into the vagina once a month and releases a constant dose of estrogen and progestin. Approx $30-$35.

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How Hormonal Rings work

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Inhibits ovulation, increases cervical mucus, and renders uterus inhospitable to implantation. Each ring is left for 3 weeks and taken out for 1.

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Effectiveness of Hormonal Ring

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99.7% if used perfectly. May be low if taken other medications.

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Advantages of Hormonal Ring

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High effectiveness rate. Does not interfere with spontaneity; reduces the flow of menstruation, menstrual cramps. May offer protection from ovarian and endometrial cancer.

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Disadvantes of Hormonal Ring

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Must be confortable touching genitals. No protection against STIs may cause a variety of side effects.

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Hormonal Patch (Ortho Evra Patch)

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A thin, peach-colored patch that sticks to the skin and time-releases synthetic estrogen and progestin into the bloodstream to inhibit ovulation; increase cervical mucus, and render the uterus inhospitable; also refereed to as the "patch"

$30-$35 per patch a month and $35-$125 for office visit

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Effectiveness of the Patch

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perfect use 99.7%, medications may decrease effectiveness

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Advantages of the Patch

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Does not interfere with spontaneity, reduces menstrual flow and increase menstrual regularity.

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Disadvantes of the Patch

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No protection from STIs may cause a variety of side effects. May collect fuzz and lint and hard to conceal.

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Progestin-Only Birth Control Method

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Conctraceptive hormonal method that does not contain estrogen and works by changing a woman's menstrual cycle.

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Mini Pills or POP (progestin-only pill)

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A type of birth control pill that contains only synthetic progesterone and no estrogen.

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Subdermal Contraceptive Implant

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Contraceptive implant that time-releases a constant dose of progestin to inhibit ovulation.

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Norplant

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A hormonal method of birth control using doses that are implanted in a woman's arm and that can remain in place for up to 5 years

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How Progestin Only Methods work

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often inserted during the first 7 days of a woman's menstrual cycle and contain time-relase hormones that suppress ovulation.

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Effectiveness of Progestin Only Method

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99.95% in the first year of use, rates decrease consistantly after the third year

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Advantages of Progestin Only Method

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Women who are unable to use oral contraceptives may be able to safely subdermal implants. Highly effective, long lasting, require simple implantation procedure. Increases spontaneity.

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Disadvantes of Progestin Only Methods

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Implan procedures costs estimate $500 or more, may experience irregular bleeding, arm pain, bleeding from injection, rash, acne, etc.

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Hormonal Injectables (Depo-provera)

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Depo-medroxyprogesterone, an injectable contraceptive that prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucuous.

Cost anywhere from $30-$125 every 3 months

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Effectiveness of Hormonal Injectables

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97% (typical use) %99.7 (perfect use)

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Advantages of Hormonal Injectables

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Injection lasts for 3 months, reversable, does not restrict spontaneity, lighter periods.

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Disadvantages of Hormonal Injectables

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Must schedule office visits, experience irregular bleeding and spotting. Side effects, lower bone density. Return fertility is 10 months after the discontinue of injections.

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Spermicide

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Chemical method of contraception, including creams, gels, foams, suppositories, and films, that works to reduce the survival of sperm in the vagina.

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Microbicide

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Chemical that works by inhibiting sperm function, are effective agains HIV and other STIs, and are not harmful to the vaginal or cervical cells.

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Vaginal Contraceptive Film

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Spermicidal contraceptive film that is placed in the vagina.

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Intrauterine Device (IUD)

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Small, plastic contraceptive device that is inserted into a woman's uterus.

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Intrauterine System (IUS)

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Small, plastic contraceptive device that is inserted into a woman's uterus and contains a synthetic female hormone, progestin, which is time-released into the uterus