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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prose
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language as it is ordinarily spoken
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Poetry (verse)
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manipulation of language with respect to meaning, meter, sound, and rhythm
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Fiction
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literary work usually presented in prose form that is not true (novels, short stories, t.v. scripts, screenplays)
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Nonfiction
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literary work that is based on facts
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Style
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manner in which a writer uses language in prose or poetry
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Tone
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attitude of the writer or narrator towards the theme of, subject of, or characters in a work / 3rd person includes omniscient
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Alliteration
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repetition of the first sounds or stressed syllables (usually consonants) in words in close proximity
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Assonance
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repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables, in words in close proximity
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Onomatepoeia
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words that imitate sounds / sometimes called "echoism"
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Meter
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a recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language creates a rhythm when spoken / a regular pattern equals meter
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Iambic meter
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an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
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Trochaic meter
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one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable
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Dactylic meter
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a stressed syllable followed by two (2) unstressed syllables
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Spondaic meter
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two (2) consecutive syllables that are stressed almost equally
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Pyrrhic meter
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two (2) consecutive syllables that are equally unstressed
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Blank verse
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unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter (5 sets of unstressed and stressed syllables/ closest to human speech / most commonly used due to versatility)
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Free verse
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lacks regular patterns of poetic feet (sets) / more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses
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Short story
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prose fiction that has the same elements as a novel such as plot, characters, and point of view
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Primary research
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material that comes from the "horse's mouth" / a document or object that was created by the person under study or during the time period under study
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Secondary research
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those things that are written or otherwise recorded about the main subject (example: critical analysis of a literary work)
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Line structure
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a line is simply a group of words on a single line
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Stanza
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a group of lines
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Couplet
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two (2) lines in poems
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Tercet
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three (3) lines in poems
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Quatrain
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four (4) lines in poems
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Literacy
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ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute, and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts
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Phonological awareness
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ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken word
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Phonemes
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sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet
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Alphabetic principle
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use of letters and combination of letters to represent speech sounds
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Decoding
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method or strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them
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Phonics
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process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters
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Fluency
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ability to read accurately and quickly
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Affixes
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syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word / includes prefixes and suffixes
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3 types of suffixes
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(1) Noun
(2) Verb (3) Adjectival |
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Context clues
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words or phrases that help the reader figure out the meaning of an unknown word
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4 types of common context clues
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(1) Synonyms
(2) Antonyms (3) Explanations (4) Examples |
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Literal comprehension
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skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text
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Critical comprehension
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involves prior knowledge and an understanding that written material is the author's version of the subject and not necessarily anybody else's
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Metacognition
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thinking about thinking
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3 categories of metacognition
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(1) Awareness
(2) Planning (3) Self-monitoring and reflection |
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Purposes of using puppetry
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(1) To generate ideas
(2) To encourage imagination (3) To foster language development |
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Simile
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comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as"
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Metaphor
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a direct comparison between two unlike things without the use of "like" or "as"
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Personification
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the giving of human characteristics to a non-human thing or idea
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Synedoche
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the use of a part of something to signify the whole
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Metonymy
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the use of one term that is closely associated with another to mean the other ("crown" = monarchy)
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Purpose of graphic organizers
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to help students classify ideas and communicate more efficiently and effectively
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Graphic organizers
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visual outlines or templates that help students grasp key concepts and master subject matter by simplifying them down to basic points
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Examples of graphic organizer processes
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(1) Brainstorming
(2) Problem solving (3) Decision making (4) Research and project planning (5) Studying |
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3 critical thinking tools to engage the reader
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(1) Summarization
(2) Question generation (3) Textual marking |
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4 theories of language development
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(1) Learning approach
(2) Linguistic approach (3) Cognitive approach (4) Sociocognitive approach |
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Learning approach
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Language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults.
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Linguistic approach
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the ability to use a language is innate (a biological approach)
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Cognitive approach
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Children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language.
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Sociocognitive approach
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Language is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences.
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Fairy tale
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A fictional story involving humans, magical events, and usually animals. The plot often involves impossible events.
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Fable
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A tale in which animals, plants, and forces of nature act like humans. It teaches a moral lesson.
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Tall tale
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Exaggerates human abilities or describes unbelievable events as if the story were true. The narrator seems to have witnessed the event described.
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Preadolescent literature
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mostly concerned with the "tween" issues of changing lives, relationships, and bodies
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Topic sentence (3 functions)
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(1) States the paragraph's subject.
(2) Is more general than the body sentences. (3) Should cover all the ideas in the body of the paragraph. |
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Cause
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the reasons for actions or events
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Effects
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the results of a cause or causes
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Facts
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statements that can be verified through research
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Facts answer the questions of: (4 items)
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(1) Who
(2) What (3) When (4) Where |
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Opinions
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personal views, but facts may be used to support opinions
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4 types of invalid arguments
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(1) "ad hominem" or "against the person" argument
(2) hasty generalizations (3) faulty causation (4) bandwagon effect |
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"Ad hominem" or "against the person" argument
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Attacks the character or behavior of a person taking a stand on an issue rather than the issue itself.
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Hasty generalizations
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Condemnations of a group based on the behavior of one person or part.
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Faulty causation
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Assigning the wrong cause to an event.
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Bandwagon effect
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Argument that if everybody else is doing something, it must be a good thing to do.
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Inductive reasoning
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Using particulars to draw a general conclusion. The process starts with data.
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Deductive reasoning
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Involves using general facts or premises to come to a specific conclusion.
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Theme
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Is the central idea of a work. A theme must be universal, which means it must apply to everyone, not just the characters in a story. A theme is a comment about the nature of humanity, society, the relationship of humankind to the world, or moral responsibility.
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4 types of characters
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(1) Round
(2) Flat (3) Dynamic (4) Static |
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Round character
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complex personality like real people
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Flat character
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display only a few personality traits and are based on stereotypes
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Dynamic character
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those that change or grow during the course of the narrative
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Static character
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remain the same throughout a story
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Adjective
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a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun
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Adverb
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a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
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3 types of conjunctions
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(1) Coordinating
(2) Correlative (3) Subordinating |
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Coordinating conjunction
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used to link words, phrases, and clauses (and, or, nor, for, but, yet, so)
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Correlative conjunction
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paired terms used to link clauses (neither/nor, either/or, if/then)
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Subordinating conjunction
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relate subordinate or dependent clauses to independent ones (if, since, before, after, when, even though, in order that, while)
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Gerund
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a verb form used as a noun, most ending in "ing"
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Infinitive
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a verbal form comprised of the word "to" followed by the root form of a verb / may be used as a noun, adjective, adverb, or absolute
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Noun
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a word that names a person, place, thing, idea, or quality
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Object
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a word or phrase that receives the action of a verb
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Direct object
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states to whom/what an action was committed
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Indirect object
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states for whom/what an action was committed
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Preposition
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a word that links a noun or pronoun to other parts of a sentence
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Prepositional phrase
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a combination of a preposition and a noun or pronoun
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Pronoun
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a word that represents a specific noun in a generic way
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Sentence
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a group of words that expresses a thought or conveys information as an independent unit of speech
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Verb
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a word or phrase in a sentence that expresses action
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3 uses for a colon
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(1) Set up a list.
(2) Direct readers to examples or explanations (3) Introduce quotations or dialogue. |
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3 uses of a semicolon
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(1) Join related independent clauses.
(2) Join dependent clauses connected by conjunctive adverbs. (3) Separate items in a series if commas would be confusing. |
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Syntax
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refers to the rules related to how to properly structure sentences and phrases / not the same as grammar
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3 types of sentence structures
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(1) Simple
(2) Compound (3) Complex |
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Simple sentence
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composed of a single independent clause with one subject and one predicate
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Compound sentence
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composed of two independent clauses joined by a conjunction, a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon
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Complex sentence
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composed of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses joined by a subordinating conjunction
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4 types of paragraphs
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(1) Illustrative
(2) Narrative (3) Descriptive (4) Process |
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2 kinds of process papers
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(1) "How to"
(2) Explanation paper that tells how an event occurred or how something works |
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Illustrative paragraph
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Explains a general statement through the use of specific examples.
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Narrative paragraph
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Tells a story / tells the who, what, when, where, why, and how of an event / usually presented in chronological order
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Descriptive paragraph
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Appeals to the five senses to describe a person, place, or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imaginations.
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Definition paragraph
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Describes what a word or term means.
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3 ways the explanation can be presented for definition paragraphs
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(1) Definition by synonym
(2) Definition by class (3) Definition by negation |
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Definition by synonym
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The term is defined by comparing it to a more familiar term the reader can more easily understand.
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Definition by class
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Used in exams, papers, and reports / puts term in a larger category or class and then describes the distinguishing characteristics or details of the term that differentiate it from other members of the class
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Definition by negation
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Defined by stating what it is not and then stating what it is.
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4 types of essays
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(1) A comparison and contrast
(2) Classification paper (3) Cause and effect paper (4) Persuasive |
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Comparison and contrast essay
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Examines the similarities and differences between two things.
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Classification paper
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Sorts information / opens with a topic sentence that identifies the group to be classified, and then breaks that group into categories.
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Cause and effect paper
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Discusses the causes or reasons for an event or the effects of a cause or causes.
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Persuasive essay
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The writer tries to convince the audience to agree with a certain opinion or point of view.
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Drafting
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creating an early version of a paper / a prototype or sketch of the finished product
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Revising
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the process of making major changes to a draft in regards to clarity of purpose, focus (thesis), audience, organization, and content
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Editing
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the process of making changes in style, word choice, tone, examples, and arrangement / thought of as fine tuning
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Proofreading
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performing a final check and correcting errors in punctuation, spelling, grammar, and usage
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6 characteristics for the title
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(1) Centered on page.
(2) Main words capitalized. (3) Not surrounded by quotation marks, nor underlined or italicized. (4) Rarely more than four or five words. (5) Suggests the subject of the paper. (6) Catches the reader's interest. |
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Conclusion
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a wrap-up that may contain a call to action, something the writer wants the audience to do in response to the paper
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Introduction
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Contains the thesis statement, which is usually the first or last sentence of the opening paragraph.
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4 types of sentences
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(1) Declarative
(2) Interrogative (3) Exclamatory (4) Imperative |
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Declarative sentence
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Makes a statement and punctuated by a period at the end.
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Interrogative sentence
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Asks a question and is punctuated by a question mark at the end.
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Exclamatory sentence
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Shows strong emotion and is punctuated by an exclamation mark at the end.
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Imperative sentence
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Gives a direction or command and may be punctuated by an exclamation mark or a period / the subject of an imperative sentence is you, which is understood instead of directly stated.
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Parallelism
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Subjects, objects, verbs, modifiers, phrases, and clauses can be structured in sentences through a similar grammatical pattern.
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Euphemism
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A "cover-up" word that avoids the explicit meaning of an offensive or unpleasant term by substituting a vaguer image.
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Hyperbole
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an example or phrase that exaggerates for effect / also used in tall tales
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Climax
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the process of building up to a dramatic highpoint through a series of phrases or sentences / can also refer to the highpoint or most intense event in a story
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Bathos
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an attempt to evoke pity, sorrow, or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous / also sometimes called an anticlimax
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Oxymoron
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two terms that are used together for contradictory effect, usually in the form of an adjective that doesn't fit the noun / "new classic"
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Irony
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a difference between what is and what ought to be, or between what is said and what is meant
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Malapropism
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confusing one word with another, similar-sounding word / "a movie was a cliff dweller instead of a cliffhanger"
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11 types of transitional words and phrases
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(1) Addition: also, in addition, furthermore
(2) Admitting a point: granted, although (3) Cause and effect: since, so, therefore (4) Comparison: similarly, in like manner, likewise (5) Contrast: on the other hand, yet, despite (6) Emphasis: indeed, in fact, certainly (7) Illustration: for example, for instance (8) Purpose: in order to, for this purpose (9) Spatial arrangement: beside, above, below (10) Summary or clarification: in summary, in conclusion, that is (11) Time sequence: before, after, later |
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3 types of pre-writing techniques
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(1) Brainstorming
(2) Freewriting (3) Clustering/mapping |
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Brainstorming
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Letting thoughts make every connection to the topic possible, and then spinning off ideas and making notes of them as they are generated.
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Freewriting
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Choosing items from the brainstorming list and writing about them nonstop for a short period.
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Clustering/mapping
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Writing a general word or phrase related to the topic in the middle of a paper and circling it, and then quickly jotting down related words or phrases / clustering is a visual representation of brainstorming that reveals patterns and connections.
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Listing
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similar to brainstorming / writing down as many descriptive words and phrases as possible that relate to the subject
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Charting
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prewriting technique that works well for comparison/contrast purposes or for the examination of advantages and disadvantages (pros and cons) / purpose is to draw out points and examples that can be used in the paper
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5 reasons to write
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(1) To tell a story
(2) To express oneself (3) To convey information (4) To make an argument (5) To explore ideas |
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Strategic arrangement
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the order of the elements in a writing project
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6 types of strategic arrangement
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(1) Logical order
(2) Hierarchial order (least important to most important or vice versa) (3) Chronological order (4) Order defined by genre (research or lab report) (5) Order of importance (ranking determined by priorities) (6) Order of interest |
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Revising
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rethinking the choices that were made while constructing the paper / rewriting it, making any necessary changes or arrangement of points
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3 strategies for paragraph coherence
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(1) Repetition of key words
(2) Substitution of pronouns (3) Substitution of synonyms |
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3 types of verbs
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(1) Action verbs
(2) Linking verbs (3) Helping verbs |
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5 types of fragments
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(1) Dependent clause fragments
(2) Relative clause fragments (3) The "ing" fragment lacks a subject. (4) Prepositional phrase fragments (5) Infinitive phrase fragments |
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3 activities at school to strengthen the viewing skills of students of varying ages
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(1) Picture book discussions
(2) Gallery walks -- viewing other student's work in the room (3) Puppet theater and drama presentations |
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5 parts for speaking
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(1) Volume
(2) Pace and pronunciation (3) Body language and gestures (4) Word choice (5) Visual aids |
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Top-down processing
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Listener refers to background and global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message.
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Bottom-down processing
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Listener figures out the meaning of a message by using "data" obtained from what is said / data includes sounds (stress, rhythm, and intonation), words, and grammatical relationships.
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3 steps to the listening lesson
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(1) Pre-listening activity: Establish the purpose of the lesson and engage students' background knowledge.
(2) Listening activity: Obtain information and then immediately do something with that information. (3) Post-listening activity: An evaluation process that allows students to judge how well they did with the listening task. |
