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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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divide and rule
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a strategy used by the british to create conflict between hindus and muslims in order to take greater control of India
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subsidiary alliance system
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rulers gave up their sovereignty to EIC in exchange for protections.
-subsidiary alliances created princely states of Hindu maharajas and Muslim nawabs |
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Doctrine of Lapse
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annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie under which princely states would be automatically annexed if the ruler was incompetent by EIC standards
- abolished right of Indian sovereign w/o an heir to chose a succesor |
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The first war of Indian Independence, Indian Mutiny, or Sepoy Mutiny
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Muslim and Hindu soldiers of the British Indian Army rebel against use of cartridges for the Lee- Enfield rifle that were allegedly greased with animal fat, which was offensive to the religious beleifs of both communities
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Secretary of State of India
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1859, India came under direct rule of the crown. A cabinet level post was created in london to administer India
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1877: Jewel in the Crown
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Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India, promises Indians equal treatment under British Law
-doctrine of lapse is revoked |
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Partition of Bengal: 1905
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Lord Curzon ordered the partition of Bengal, to improve "administration"
-Indian public opinion appeared to reflect British resolve to divide and rule |
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Indian National Congress
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Founded in 1885
-functioned more or less as a debating society theat met annualy to express its loyalty to the Raj and petition for civil rights or opportunities in the govt, especially the civil service |
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Muslim League
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Founded in 1906 to promote rights of the Muslim minority
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Lucknow Pact of 1916
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between Congress and Muslim League, to give more authority to Indians to run their own country
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Government of India Act of 1919
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Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms gave Indians greater control in provincial matters such as health, education and agriculture, while the British controlled finance, law and order
-contributed to India's participation in WWI |
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Rowlatt Act of 1919
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Gave the viceroy extraordinary powers to quell 'sedition' by detaining political activists without trial, and arrestinf suspects without warrant
- Gandhi announces nationwide 'hartal' boycott and stop work in response to legislation |
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Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1919
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-Gen Dyer orders firing on unarmed crowd of 10,000
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1929 Viceroy Iwrin promises India Dominion Status
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India would be a considered an autonomous community within the British Empire
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Salt Satyagraha
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Dandi March by Gandhiji, civil disobedience movement to collect own salt instead of being dependent on British salt
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Swaraj or Independence
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Gandhi turned the congress around from an elite organization to one with mass national appeal to apply his strategy of non violent civil disobedience
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1920 Congress re-organization
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Gnadhi reorganized the congress with memebership open to all who believed in Independece for a token fee of 4 annas
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Simon Commission of 1927
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British appoint a 7 member Commision to recommebd further measures of the constitutional devolution of power to Indians
-the commision to determine the future of India has no Indian member. The people of India are outraged and insulted |
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1939 WWII
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Viceroy Linlithgow announced India's entrance into WWII without consulting Indian leadership
-economic dislocation caused by the war led to the 1942 Bengal famine, aroused strong resentment in India |
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1940 Pakistan Resolution
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Jinnah persuaded the Muslim League in Lahore to adopt Pakistan Resolution demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states
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Cripps mission (1942)
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In an attempt to secure India;s support in WWII, Sir Stanford Cripps, was sent to India with the offer of dominion status in return for India's cooperation
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"Quit India" 1942
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Gandhi drafted a resolution in the Congress party calling on the British to leave India
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Direct Action Day 1946
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When differences between the Congress and the Muslim League became irreconcilable, Jinnah declared Direct Action Day which brought communal rioting and massacre in many places in the North
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August 15, 1947
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Nehru delivered a memorable and moving speech on India's "tryst with destiny" as India strode to freedom!
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"Cabinet Mission" 1946
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discussed the broad framework of the proposed constitution and laid down in detail the procedures to be followed by the constitution drafting body
-proposed that India be divided into Hindu-majority India and a Muslim majority Pakistan -the plans strongest opponent was Mahatma Gandhi |
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Constrituent Assembly
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-tasked with writing the first Constitution of Independent India, and also served as its first Parliament as an independent nation
-memebers of CA varied across the political spectrum |
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Objectives Resolution
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underlying principles of the Constituion were laid down by Jawaharlal nehru which basicallys said
1. India shall be an Independent, Sovereign, Republic 2. all power abd authority of India shall follow from the people 3. all people shall be granted social, economic, equality |
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Provisional Parliament of India
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Constiuent Assembley transformed itself on January 26, 1950
-the first elections under the new Constitution took place and duly elected Parliament was in place -now known as Republic Day |
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Constition of India
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-longest written
-executive, legislative, judiciary are main organs -spells out rights and duties of citizens -draws from Western legal traditions |
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Fundamental rights
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basic human rights of all citezens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed or gender. Justiciable.
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Directive Priciples of State Policy
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enjoins the government to ensure the welfare of the peopl by affirming social, economic and political justice, like eliminating income inequality, right to work, a living wage, social security, maternity relif, and work towards providing decent standards of living (non-justiciable)
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Fundamental duties
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(non-justiciable) obligated every citizen to respect national symbols of india, including the Constitution, to cherish its heritage, preserve its compostie culture and assist in its defense.
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3-tier system of government
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1. union list: the central government has the poswers to enact laws on subjects under the union list
2. state list: the state govt have the powers to enact laws on subjects under the state list 3. concurrent list: both the central as well as the state governments can enact laws on subjects under concurrent list |
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socialist meaning in preamble
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it implies social and economic equality-non discrimination on the grounds of caste, colr, creed, sex, religion, language
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secular meaning in preamble
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implies equality of all religions and complete religious tolerance
-no official state religions, govt cannot discriminate against religion |
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democratic meaning in preamble
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india is a democracy. the people elect their govt at all levels
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republic meaning in preamble
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as opposed to monarchy, a democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly
-the president of india is elected by an electoral college which comprises all members of central and state legilsatures |
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First Past the Post (FPP)/ "plurality voting"
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a single winner is chosen in a given constituency by having the most votes, regardless of whether or not he or she has a majority of votes
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Model Code of Conduct
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-established for awareness by the public at large about their rights, duties and obligations of all concerned during the conduct of elections that determine the will of the people
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Election Commission of India
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created to conduct free and fair elections to representative bodies in India
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Election Process
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1. From the announcement of election dates by the ECI, which brings into force the MCC for political parties
2. To the announcement of results and submission of the list of successful candidates to the office of the President |
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Role of the Election Commission
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takes effective control of any personnel, movable and immovable Government properties that it deems necessary for the unimpeded conduct and successful completion of the electoral process
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Powers of the Election Commission
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acts as a quasi judicial body in matters of electoral disputes
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What is the current party in power today?
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United Progressive Alliance while the National Democratic Alliance leads opposition
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Vidhan Sabhas
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State assemblies which use the same process of as Lok Sabha , the first past the post to elect state official
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Delimitation
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the drawing of boundaries of parliamentary or assembly constituencies to make sure there are the same number of people in each constituency
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Delimitation Commision
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Indian boundaries are reexamined after 10 yearly census to account for change in population
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Lok Sabha
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Lower House, allotted to each state and the population of the State is the same for all states
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Rajya Sabha
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the council of States are elected members of the Vidhan Sabha by proportional representation using the single transferable vote
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Executive Branch consists of...
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President
Vice President Council of Ministers (cabinet) headed by PM |
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President
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the head of state
-interprets the constitution, signing laws into action, issuing pardons -Commander in cheif of armed forces |
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Prime Minister
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Head of Government
-needs to be the leader of the ruling party which is in power |
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Vice President
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elected by an electoral college
- Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and acts as president when the latter is unable to discharge fnctions |
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Judiciary
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Consists of the supreme court headed by the Cheif Justices of India
-has original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre |
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national parties are recognized...
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in four or more states
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how to become a recognized political party...
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1. registered by Election Commission
2. political activity for at least 5 continuous years 3. send at least 4% of state quota to Lok Sabha 4. or if the party is recognized in four or more states, it is automatically recognized |
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CPI (marxist) and CPI (ML)
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established after the ideological split in international communism into pro- Soviet and pro- Chinese factions
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Who is the head of NCP?
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Sonia Gandhi
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Who is the head of the Shiv Sena?
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Bal Thackery
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Party under the UPA (left)
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Indian national congress
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Parties under NDA (right)
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Bharatiya Janata Party
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Third front
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do not have a strong ideological base, but will readily join any of the two main alliances depending upon who makes them a better offer
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BJP in power
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-India conducted 5 N- tests at Pokhran , confirming the country as nuclear power
-liberalized trade rules -opened skies to private airlines |
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CPI
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it supports the new INC-led United Progressive alliance w/o becoming part of it
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Bahujan Samaj Party
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party formed to represent lower class dalits
-inspired by BR Ambedkar |
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Nationalist Congress Party
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founded by Sharad Pawar
-moderate -secular party stands for democracy, gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism |
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Samajwadi Party
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stands for democratic socialsim, stricly controlled,favoring agriculture, small medium scale industry
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