Constructive Authority

Front 1

Constructive Authority

Back 1

Does not involve actual physical contact. Verbal commands, gesters, warnings and unholstering a weapon
Pointing a fireamr is an element of constructive authority only in appropriate situations

Front 2

Physical Contact

Back 2

involves routine or procedural contact, guiding a subject into police vehicle, holding the subjects arm while trasporting, hancuffing or maneuvering or securing a subject for a frisk

Front 3

Physical Force

Back 3

Involves contact beyond that which is generally utilized to effect an arrest, wrestling to the ground, wrist locks or arm locks, striking with hands or feet, similar hand to hand confrontation

Front 4

Mechanical Force

Back 4

involves the use of some device or substance, use of baton, canine physical contact or chemical agent

Front 5

Deadly Force

Back 5

1.Force which a law enforcement officer uses with the purpose of causing or which the officer knows to create a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily harm
2. Purposoly firing a firearm in the direction of another person or at a vehicle, building or structor in which another person is believed to be constitutes deadly force.
3. A threat to cause death or serious bodily harm by the production of weapon or otherwise so long as the officer's purpose is limited to creating an apprehension that deadly force will be used if necessary does not constitute deadly force

Front 6

Reasonable Belief

Back 6

Is an objective assessment based upon an evaluation of how a reasonable law enforcement officer with comparable traing and experience would react to, or draw inference from, the facts and circumstances confronting and known by the law enforcement officer at the scene

Front 7

Use of Force (authorization and limitations

Back 7

a. to overcome resistance directed at the officer or others.
b. to protect the officer or third party from unlawful force
c. to protect property
d. to effect other lawful objectives, such as to make an arrest